PHASING OUT LEAD IN AUTOMOTIVE FUELS: CONVERSION CONSIDERATIONS, POLICY FORMULATION, AND APPLICATION TO LEBANON
That lead has serious public health concerns is widely accepted, and many countries of the world have taken steps to completely eliminate it from automotive fuels. This paper reviews the international experience with phasing out leaded gasoline; considerations affecting adoption of unleaded fuel are identified, and difficulties underlying change are synthesized. Factors relating to technology, supply availability, distribution channels, economics, and social equity are underlined. International experience is distilled into a set of desirable characteristics of policies for phasing out leaded fuel. The case of Lebanon is considered in structuring a practical strategy for phasing out leaded fuel. Positive and negative factors likely to affect the success of lead phaseout strategies are identified. A recommended plan for leaded fuel phaseout is developed.
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Availability:
- Find a library where document is available. Order URL: http://worldcat.org/issn/13619209
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Corporate Authors:
The Boulevard, Langford Lane
Kidlington, Oxford United Kingdom OX5 1GB -
Authors:
- Kaysi, I
- Mahmassani, H
- Arnaout, S
- Kattan, L
- Publication Date: 2000-11
Language
- English
Media Info
- Features: Figures; References; Tables;
- Pagination: p. 403-418
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Serial:
- Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
- Volume: 5
- Issue Number: 6
- Publisher: Elsevier
- ISSN: 1361-9209
- Serial URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/13619209
Subject/Index Terms
- TRT Terms: Air pollution; Environmental impacts; Health hazards; Highway transportation; Lead (Metal); Leaded gasoline; Motor fuels; Motor vehicles; Pollutants; Transportation policy
- Geographic Terms: Lebanon
- Subject Areas: Environment; Highways; Policy;
Filing Info
- Accession Number: 00800340
- Record Type: Publication
- Files: TRIS
- Created Date: Oct 6 2000 12:00AM