Effects of Ambient Temperature and Cold Starts on Excess NOx Emissions in a Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicle

Studies have demonstrated that vehicles with gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines produce significantly higher emissions during a cold start than under hot-stabilized periods. A cold start is typically defined by the temperature of the engine or the catalytic converter; its extended effect on emissions, after the vehicle reaches the warm-up stage, has seldom been investigated. In this study, the influence of the post cold start period on nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) emissions was evaluated using real-world measurements. Vehicle on-board diagnostic data, fuel consumption, and emissions of multiple pollutants were collected on a 2020 GDI sports utility vehicle equipped with a Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS). A total of 31 trips, with two drives per day, were conducted along arterial roads and highways in Toronto, Canada. The results indicate that during the first trip of the day after an overnight soak, the average NOₓ emission rate was 0.27 g/litre and 0.037 g/km, 384% and 299% higher than the emission rate on the second trip of the day. The amount of trip total NOₓ emissions is positively associated with the length of the catalytic converter warm-up period with correlation coefficient 0.67. The authors also observe that the catalyst warm-up time is negatively correlated with ambient temperature, and a negative relationship between ambient temperature and NOₓ emissions throughout the trip is depicted with correlation coefficient -0.44. The measured data reveal an extended effect of the cold start on NOₓ emissions even after the temperatures of the engine coolant and catalyst reach a stable level.

• Record URL:
  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143402
• Record URL:
  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720369333
• Availability:
  • Find a library where document is available. Order URL: http://worldcat.org/issn/00489697
• Supplemental Notes:
  • © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Abstract reprinted with permission of Elsevier.
• Authors:
  • Tu, Ran
  • Xu, Junshi
  • Wang, An
  • Zhai, Zhiqiang
  • Hatzopoulou, Marianne
• Publication Date: 2021-3-15

Language

• English

Media Info

• Media Type: Web
• Features: Appendices; Figures; Maps; Photos; References; Tables;
• Serial:
  • Science of the Total Environment
  • Volume: 760
  • Issue Number: 0
  • Publisher: Elsevier
  • ISSN: 0048-9697
  • Serial URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00489697

Subject/Index Terms

• TRT Terms: Cold starts (Driving); Emissions testing; Exhaust gases; Fuel consumption; Fuel injection; Gasoline engines; Nitrogen oxides; Temperature
• Identifier Terms: Portable Emissions Measurement System
• Geographic Terms: Toronto (Canada)
• Subject Areas: Energy; Environment; Highways; Vehicles and Equipment;

Filing Info

• Accession Number: 01760334
• Record Type: Publication
• Files: TRIS
• Created Date: Nov 12 2020 3:33PM