Takeover Time in Highly Automated Vehicles: Noncritical Transitions to and From Manual Control

Objective:The aim of this study was to review existing research into driver control transitions and to determine the time it takes drivers to resume control from a highly automated vehicle in noncritical scenarios.Background:Contemporary research has moved from an inclusive design approach to adhering only to mean/median values when designing control transitions in automated driving. Research into control transitions in highly automated driving has focused on urgent scenarios where drivers are given a relatively short time span to respond to a request to resume manual control. We found a paucity in research into more frequent scenarios for control transitions, such as planned exits from highway systems.Method:Twenty-six drivers drove two scenarios with an automated driving feature activated. Drivers were asked to read a newspaper, or to monitor the system, and to relinquish, or resume, control from the automation when prompted by vehicle systems.Results:Significantly longer control transition times were found between driving with and without secondary tasks. Control transition times were substantially longer than those reported in the peer-reviewed literature.Conclusion:We found that drivers take longer to resume control when under no time pressure compared with that reported in the literature. Moreover, we found that drivers occupied by a secondary task exhibit larger variance and slower responses to requests to resume control. Workload scores implied optimal workload.Application:Intra- and interindividual differences need to be accommodated by vehicle manufacturers and policy makers alike to ensure inclusive design of contemporary systems and safety during control transitions.

• Record URL:
  • https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720816685832
• Record URL:
  • http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0018720816685832
• Availability:
  • Find a library where document is available. Order URL: http://worldcat.org/issn/00187208
• Supplemental Notes:
  • Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications, Ltd.
• Authors:
  • Eriksson, Alexander
  • Stanton, Neville A
• Publication Date: 2017-6

Language

• English

Media Info

• Media Type: Web
• Features: References;
• Pagination: pp 689-705
• Serial:
  • Human Factors
  • Volume: 59
  • Issue Number: 4
  • Publisher: Sage Publications, Incorporated
  • ISSN: 0018-7208
  • EISSN: 1547-8181
  • Serial URL: http://hfs.sagepub.com/

Subject/Index Terms

• TRT Terms: Automated highways; Automated vehicle control; Automation; Automobile drivers; Driver monitoring; Intelligent vehicles; Policy making; Workload
• Subject Areas: Data and Information Technology; Highways; Safety and Human Factors;

Filing Info

• Accession Number: 01637140
• Record Type: Publication
• Files: TRIS
• Created Date: May 31 2017 4:09PM