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https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27432/critical-issues-in-transportation-for-2024-and-beyond

Uebergabe von hochautomatisiertem Fahren zu manueller Steuerung

Wie lange braucht der Fahrer, um nach einer Phase der hochautomatisierten Fahrt die vollstaendige motorische und kognitive Kontrolle zurueck zu gewinnen, und die Kontrolle in eine sinnvolle Handlung umzusetzen? Im Rahmen des Projekts sollten Zeiten fuer die Uebernahme der Fahraufgabe in Abhaengigkeit von der Komplexitaet der Fahrsituation und in Abhaengigkeit von der Komplexitaet der Nebenaufgabe ermittelt werden. Dieser Projektbericht stellt zunaechst die Ergebnisse einer Literaturrecherche zu der Kooperation von Mensch und Automation in verschiedenen Anwendungsfeldern dar und beschreibt anschliessend eine empirische Studie zu Uebernahmezeit und Uebernahmequalitaet im Fahrzeug. Im ersten Teil wird ein Ueberblick zu den relevanten Themen der Forschung zur Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Automation gegeben. Hierbei werden wichtige Konstrukte der Automationspsychologie, die Stufen der Automation, sowie die menschliche Leistung bei der Ueberwachung und Kontrolle von automatisierten Systemen behandelt. Ein Fokus der Literaturrecherche liegt auf dem Wechsel von automatisierter Steuerung zu manueller Steuerung in komplexen Systemen. Die Analogiebildung zwischen der lnteraktion mit hochautomatisierten Fahrzeugen und automatisierten Systemen in Bereichen wie zum Beispiel Flugfuehrung und Anlagensteuerung wird kritisch betrachtet und relevante Konzepte fuer die Bewertung der Qualitaet des Wechsels von hochautomatisiertem Fahren zu manueller Steuerung heraus gearbeitet. Bisher veroeffentliche Studien zu diesem Thema werden vorgestellt und diskutiert. Aus der Betrachtung der Studien wird die Motivation und Notwendigkeit fuer die empirische Studie entwickelt, sowie eine passende Methodik abgeleitet. Im empirischen Teil des Berichts wird schliesslich die Simulator-Studie zu Uebernahmezeit und Uebernahmequalitaet aus einer hochautomatisierten Fahrt zu einer manuellen Steuerung vorgestellt und die Ergebnisse diskutiert. Aus den Erkenntnissen aus Literatur und Studie werden dann Empfehlungen fuer eine sichere und komfortable Uebernahmezeit aus einer hochautomatisierten Fahrt abgeleitet. (A) ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: Many automotive OEMs are currently developing automated driving functions that no longer require driver supervision in certain driving environments. If system boundaries are reached the driver has to retake manual control. The system needs to provide a sufficient period of time in which the driver can safely and comfortably regain control over the vehicle. To determine a period of time for such a transition, relevant concepts from the field of automation psychology were presented and applied to the automotive context. Additionally an analysis of existent studies concerning take-over transition times from highly automated driving to manual driving was carried out to gain first insights into the time required for this transition. Building on the analysis of the literature and based on interviews that were conducted with automotive OEMs and suppliers, complex take-over scenarios and secondary tasks were developed which represent realistic and relevant conditions for future automated cars. These scenarios and secondary tasks were implemented in a static driving simulator and tested with N = 60 test drivers aged 20 to 76 (M = 36.0, SD = 15.2) years. After an automated drive of approximately 5 minutes, during which the drivers were distracted by motivating game on a handheld tablet-pc, the drivers were generally able to regain manual control over the vehicle. This secondary task was compared to a manual drive, in which the take-over request was substituted by an auditory warning, to an automated drive, in which a different task was presented on a tablet-pc, as well as to an automated drive, in which the participants supervised the automation. It could be shown, that after a highly distracted drive 90% of the participants first had their eyes on the road after 3-4 seconds, had their hands on the steering wheel and their feet on the pedals after 6-7 seconds and disengaged the automation after 7-8 seconds. When analyzing the times taken to look at the side mirror and the speedometer as indicators of situation awareness during this driving situation, 12-15 seconds are needed. These reactions, which are necessary for the comprehension of the traffic situation, are therefore up to 5 seconds slower for the distracted automated driving compared to manual driving. For some automated drives collisions and critical situations were recorded, although they were comparably frequent in the manual drive condition. These critical situations might have been avoided through the use of suitable driver assistance systems that stay active and support the driver after the driver has disengaged the automation. Additional reaction times and driving data was analyzed to gain further insights into the process of the take-over transition process. Driving in a real world scenario may change the reaction times compared to driving in a simulator. Also, the effects of longer automated drives, sleepiness and more immersive secondary tasks on take-over process and reaction times are not yet clear. Some of these issues will be addressed in a planned simulator study. If there is to be a gain not only in comfort but in safety for automated driving compared to manual driving, drivers need to be not only sufficiently forewarned before take-over situations, but must additionally be supported by suitable assistance systems before, during and after the transition to manual driving. (A)

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  • Supplemental Notes:
    • Siehe auch Teil 2 des Beitrags, AN 01727559.
  • Corporate Authors:

    Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft e.V. (GDV), Unfallforschung der Versicherer (UDV)

    Wilhelmstrasse 43/43G
    Berlin,   Germany  D-10117
  • Authors:
    • Vogelpohl, T
    • Vollrath, M
  • Publication Date: 2016-8

Language

  • German

Media Info

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Filing Info

  • Accession Number: 01624861
  • Record Type: Publication
  • Source Agency: Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt)
  • ISBN: 978-3-939163-67-1
  • Files: ITRD
  • Created Date: Feb 2 2017 9:30AM