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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Two-Level Crane Scheduling with Hybrid Metaheuristics in Realistic Port Operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742728</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sustainable and efficient container unloading is a critical operation in maritime logistics, as it directly affects port throughput and ship turnaround time. Since quay cranes are the primary equipment responsible for this task, their effective scheduling is essential to minimize delays and ensure operational stability. This paper presents a two-level optimization approach for quay crane scheduling that balances operational efficiency with ship stability. At the bay level, we compare a flexible crane assignment strategy with the port’s current strategy, which ensures ship stability but results in a long total unloading time. Using the LINGO solver and a Genetic Algorithm (GA), we achieve up to a 15% improvement. To leverage the port’s strategy while overcoming its inefficiency, we redefine the unloading unit at the tier level and structure the process into two sequential phases. A hybrid metaheuristic combining the Firefly Algorithm (FA) and Cuckoo Search (CS) is proposed and compared with the GA. The hybrid algorithm shows higher consistency and statistically comparable solution quality to the GA.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 15:03:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742728</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Common Errors among ESP Students at the Faculty of Maritime Studies in Split</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742719</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Insufficient proficiency and errors in Maritime English (ME), as a type of English for Specific Purposes (ESP), may affect the communication, safety of navigation, efficiency and daily operations in various branches of the maritime industry. This study aims to identify and analyse the typical errors made by Croatian students attending ME classes at the Faculty of Maritime Studies in Split. Various tools are used, including cognitive, observational and empirical methods (e.g. testing and in-class activities), contrastive analysis, qualitative data analysis and description, in order to clarify the results obtained. Common errors related to pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary, syntax, tenses, misuse of negation, prepositions, articles, etc. are categorised and examined. Understanding common mistakes is essential for educators to develop teaching strategies that address specific learner needs, as well as effective pedagogical approaches and tools for mitigating or eliminating the errors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2026 16:31:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742719</guid>
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      <title>The Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility, Firm Characteristics, and Financial Performance of Maritime Firms in Indonesia: A Path Analysis Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742727</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this research is to explore the relationship between corporate social responsibility, sales growth, and firm size on capital structure, considering profitability as an intervening variable. This study analyses how corporate social responsibility, sales growth, and firm size influence the capital structure of maritime companies in Indonesia. The research is based on data from 88 Indonesian maritime firms collected over a four-year period. Path analysis is used to estimate the relationships between the variables of interest. The results indicate that sales growth and firm size have a significant impact on capital structure, while corporate social responsibility does not show a significant effect. These findings support the hypothesis that firm characteristics play an important role in enhancing the financial ratios of companies. The effect of corporate social responsibility and firm characteristics is mediated by profitability, which has been shown to intervene in the relationship between corporate social responsibility, sales growth, and firm size on capital structure. This study emphasises the importance of strengthening corporate social responsibility and firm characteristics simultaneously, so that capital structure can become an integral part of a company's sustainability strategy in addressing global environmental challenges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2026 09:08:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742727</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>An Application of Risk Analysis in Liquid Cargo Terminals for Occupational Health and Safety Management</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742726</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Liquid cargo terminals present numerous risks related to occupational health and safety (OHS). These OHS risks may result from the cargo handled and the services provided. Risks must be eliminated or maintained at an acceptable level to ensure a safe working environment in liquid cargo terminals. This study aims to identify risks in liquid cargo terminals, conduct risk analysis using different methods for the identified risks, and determine which method is most suitable for liquid cargo terminals among those used in risk analysis. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), fuzzy AHP, 5x5 L-type matrix, and Fine Kinney methods were used for risk analysis. The advantages and disadvantages of each method were identified and compared. According to the risk analysis, “environmental pollution and spatial problems,” a sub-criterion of the unloading operation, was calculated as the most important in the AHP method. In contrast, “damaged tanks, tank containers, or IBC tanks” was identified as the most important in the fuzzy AHP method. In both AHP and fuzzy AHP analyses, “liquid chemical cargoes” were the riskiest type of cargo. “Generation of static electricity” was calculated as the hazard with the highest risk score in the 5x5 L-type matrix and Fine Kinney methods. In these methods, “crude oil-oil derivatives” had more hazards at very high-risk levels than other types of cargo when compared by load type. A combination of the Fine Kinney and fuzzy AHP methods is recommended for liquid cargo terminals. The available literature reveals a significant lack of comprehensive and holistic risk analysis studies on liquid cargo terminals. Therefore, this study contributes to the literature by identifying liquid cargo terminal risks and comparing the risk analysis methods used.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2026 09:08:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742726</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Decade of Change in the Market for Corporate Control in Croatia: A Descriptive Analysis before and after Eurozone Accession</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742725</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Croatia joined the Eurozone on January 1, 2023, becoming the twentieth member state and the first late-accession peripheral economy to do so under post-pandemic macroeconomic conditions. Despite the significance of this integration, the literature lacks a comprehensive evaluation of how this transition affected the local market for corporate control, including sectors of strategic relevance to Croatia's economy such as maritime activities. The primary aim of this paper is to provide the first descriptive analysis of the Croatian M&A landscape around this institutional breakpoint. The paper uses a descriptive research design to systematically observe and compare market dynamics across two distinct periods. Data on M&A transactions are drawn from the Orbis M&A database, covering a full decade from 2015 to 2025. The final sample includes 453 completed M&A transactions involving Croatian non-financial firms, spanning industries from manufacturing and tourism to maritime and transport-related sectors. To isolate the potential effects of monetary integration, we divide the dataset into a pre-euro period (2015–2022) and a post-euro period (2023–2025). We track changes in transaction volume, cross-border versus domestic ratios, target industry categories, and deal value brackets, comparing domestic temporal trends against the broader EU-27 benchmark. Croatian M&A deal counts during the post-euro period remained two to three times higher than the 2015 baseline, while the wider EU-27 benchmark experienced a contraction. The share of cross-border transactions decreased by 11.7% following integration. This decline resulted from a rapid expansion in domestic acquisition activity rather than an absolute reduction in foreign buyer interest. In terms of sectoral distribution, manufacturing became the primary target industry, accounting for 20.7% of all post-euro deals. This sharply displaced the accommodation and food services sector, which had historically accounted for a significant portion of transactions. The professional, scientific, and technical activities sector experienced the largest positive shift, increasing from 5.2% to 14.5% of total targets. Analysis of the limited disclosed-value subsample indicates that deal values consolidated toward the mid-market range. The divergence between surging domestic M&A activity and the contracting European benchmark indicates a strong, country-specific effect. Furthermore, the redirection of capital toward professional and scientific services, alongside a sharp decline in the tourism and hospitality sector, suggests a structural adjustment toward knowledge-intensive activities. The findings highlight that joining a currency union under complex macroeconomic conditions produces distinct, localized market responses, setting an empirical baseline for future causal research on institutional transitions and the market for corporate control. © 2026, Faculty of Maritime Studies. All rights reserved.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2026 09:08:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742725</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Reading the Current: Tracking Subsea Cable Status through LLM-Assisted News Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742724</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Subsea Data Cables (SDCs) form the backbone of global digital infrastructure, handling over 99% of intercontinental data traffic. Still, they receive limited and dispersed media coverage, creating significant information gaps regarding their operational status. This paper aims to investigate the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) in automating the extraction and analysis of SDC-related information from unstructured media sources. A comprehensive LLM-based information extraction module was developed and integrated into an existing SDC database. By systematically comparing different LLMs, including GPT-4o, Gemini 1.5 Flash, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Llama 3.1, this work identifies optimal model configurations for SDC news processing, considering accuracy, hallucination rate, and processing speed. The system implements Claude 3.5 Sonnet and GPT-4o as primary models, incorporating domain-specific prompt engineering and robust output validation mechanisms. A performance evaluation demonstrates substantial improvements over rule-based methods. While excelling at natural language processing tasks, the system revealed limitations in extracting more specific technical details such as construction costs and capacity measurements. The implementation provides a modular, adaptable framework for automated information extraction in specialised technical domains, including maritime ones. The results demonstrate that LLMs, when properly implemented with structured prompts and validation mechanisms, can significantly enhance the automated monitoring and analysis of SDC-related events.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2026 09:08:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742724</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ship Mortgage in Croatian Law: Legal Nature, Effects and Issues in Application</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742723</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this paper is to analyse the institute of ship mortgage in Croatian law, with particular emphasis on its legal nature, effects, and practical issues. The analysis encompasses the normative framework of the Maritime Code, case law, and international sources of law. The paper proceeds from the thesis that the dualism between ship mortgages and maritime liens causes legal uncertainty and increases financing risk. Ship mortgage represents one of the key instruments for financing maritime activities. A ship, as an object of rights, possesses a specific legal nature that requires deviation from the general rules of property law. It is precisely this specificity that generates a number of theoretical and practical issues that are the subject of this paper. The analysis also includes doctrinal positions and implications for legal certainty. The Maritime Code of the Republic of Croatia constitutes the fundamental source of law for this paper, particularly through the provisions of Articles 219–234, governing the registration of ships and ship mortgages, as well as Articles 241– 254, governing maritime liens. The specific nature of ship mortgage, as a real right over another’s property effective erga omnes, derives from the fact that it concerns a movable asset treated as immovable property. This is also evident in the manner of regulating legal relationships through agreements on securing monetary claims by establishing a mortgage on a ship, which is presented in detail in the paper. Through the analysed case law for the purposes of this paper, the thesis has been confirmed that maritime liens take priority over mortgages, as well as that there is a clear emphasis on the limitation of the principle of reliance on registers, which demonstrates a deviation from general rules. The main issues include the slowness of procedures for registration and recording of ships and rights therein in ship registers, in relation to the evident conflict between mortgages and liens, particularly in light of the fact that the registration of maritime liens in ship registers is not mandatory. The conclusion is that a ship mortgage constitutes a developed but insufficiently balanced system, and that modernisation of the system through the digitalisation of registers, more precise regulation of priorities in the registration of encumbrances on ships, and the acceleration of enforcement proceedings would undoubtedly lead to greater legal certainty and ensure a balance between creditor protection and market functionality.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2026 09:08:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742723</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Overlap between the Maritime Domain Boundary and Port Area Boundary: Dualism of the Legal Regime Governing Nautical Tourism Ports and Property Law Challenges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742722</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper analyzes the relationship between the maritime domain boundary and the port area boundary in the context of nautical tourism ports, examining the legal and property law implications of their potential overlap. The hypothesis is that the current dual boundary determination system is not fully adapted to the specific characteristics of nautical tourism ports. The study focuses on the relationship between the maritime domain boundary and the port area boundary, with particular emphasis on the property law consequences of their overlap. The maritime domain is a public good outside private legal circulation, managed by the state, while the port area is a functionally defined space intended for port activities. In practice, the port area boundary is generally located within the maritime domain, but the procedures for determining these boundaries arise from different legal frameworks and are implemented through distinct administrative and normative mechanisms. This normative dualism can create legal ambiguities, especially in nautical tourism ports (marinas), where the maritime domain and port area almost always coincide both spatially and functionally. Problems arise when the maritime domain boundary has not been clearly established before determining the port area and granting a concession for the economic use of the maritime domain, or when the maritime domain boundary has been established but the port area boundary remains unclear. These situations can result in inconsistencies between the concession scope, the land registry status of the properties, and spatial planning documents. The consequences include legal uncertainty for investors, disputes over the extent of concessions, and challenges in managing and developing port infrastructure. The paper uses a range of scientific methods, including inductive and deductive reasoning, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concretization, generalization and specialization, proof and refutation, classification, description, historical analysis, compilation, and comparative methodology. The application of these methods confirmed the hypothesis and led to the conclusion that the possibility of unified determination of the maritime domain boundary and the port area boundary needs to be considered during the establishment or concession granting process of a port.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2026 09:08:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742722</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transformation of Maritime Industry through Autonomous Ship: A Systematic Review of Operational Landscapes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742721</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) is reshaping maritime industry by introducing automation, affecting port infrastructure, workforce, and regulatory frameworks. This study aims to systematically review the current state of research on MASS and assess its transformative impacts on maritime industry. A systematic analysis was conducted of 45 articles that were selected from 524 articles on the Web of Science (WoS) database through PRISMA process. Emerging keywords such as model, system, and bibliometric suggest a growing interest in technological integration and meta-analytical approaches. Moreover, the analysis highlights the need for greater attention to port integration, regulatory compliance, workforce transformation, and infrastructure readiness to support the adoption of MASS. This review highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and policy adaptation to ensure the effective and responsible integration of MASS into maritime operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2026 09:08:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742721</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Operational Modification of Traditional Boat Tools: Case Study of a Phinisi Ship Using Adaag Standards and ISO 21542</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742720</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traditional Indonesian Phinisi vessels remain iconic in heritage maritime tourism, yet their design excludes individuals with mobility impairments due to steep access points and narrow corridors. This study aimed to develop operational modifications for traditional Phinisi boat tools using a structured ship design methodology, adopting the Spiral Ship Design Method across four iterative phases: concept design, preliminary design, contract design, and detail design. CAD-based modeling and ergonomic simulation guided the redesign of the vessel's main, upper, and top decks to comply with international accessibility standards, including ADAAG and ISO 21542. Features introduced include widened doorways (= 815 mm), anti-slip ramps (1:12 incline), ergonomic handrails (860–920 mm height), and integrated hydraulic vertical lifts. Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis verified structural integrity under static and dynamic load cases, confirming safety factors ranging from 1.42 to 3.31 across all modified structural elements. Stability analysis demonstrated that all retrofit configurations-maintained compliance with the IMO International Stability (IS) Code, with the full retrofit yielding a metacentric height (GM) of 0.41 m, well above the 0.15 m minimum. Stakeholder validation involving tourism operators, naval architects, and wheelchair users confirmed the practicality and cultural acceptability of the design. This study offers a replicable model for inclusive retrofitting of traditional wooden boats, advancing sustainable and accessible maritime tourism aligned with global inclusivity goals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2026 09:08:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742720</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Legal and Linguistic Nuances of Key Terminology in the STCW Convention: The Case of Montenegro</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703856</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this paper is to examine the use of specific terms in the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), one of the key conventions established by the International Maritime Organization. This interdisciplinary study highlights the importance of accurately understanding specialized terminology, which is essential for the effective implementation of the STCW Convention, particularly in the training and education of seafarers. Recognizing that legal texts reflect broader social, economic, legal, and political narratives (van Dijk, 2001, 2008; Fairclough, 2004), the paper uses Critical Discourse Analysis to explore how language reveals legal paradigms within the Montenegrin regulatory context. The findings show that the nuances of legal discourse extend beyond terminology; proper interpretation and implementation require a deeper understanding of social, cultural, and political factors. © 2026, Faculty of Maritime Studies. All rights reserved.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 2026 09:10:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703856</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelling the Effect of Bow Profile Variations on Naval Ship for Optimizing Resistance Using Computational Fluid Dynamics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703853</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study closely examines the intricate relationship between bow profiles and the hydrodynamic resistance experienced by naval vessels, employing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as a pivotal tool for analysis. The study examined three distinct bow configurations: no-axe, semi-axe, and fully-axe designs. The primary objective of this study was to ascertain which of these configurations most effectively minimizes hydrodynamics resistance, which is a critical factor in enhancing the performance and efficiency of naval ships. Through a series of detailed CFD simulations, the finding revealed that both the semi-axe and fully-axe designs significantly reduced resistance compared to the traditional no-axe bow design. The semi-axe design achieved an impressive average reduction of 9.17%, whereas the fully-axe configuration followed closely with a reduction of 7.64%. Interestingly, the semi-axe bow surpasses the fully-axe design in terms of resistance reduction and provided an additional advantage of 1.42%, underscoring its superior hydrodynamics performance compared to the fully-axe design. These results underscore the potential benefits of adopting innovative bow shapes in naval architecture, particularly regarding operational efficiency. The simulations further indicated that the alternative bow design contributed to a notable decrease in the wave height during the vessel’s interaction with water. By refining bow shapes, naval forces can enhance not only the speed and agility of their vessels but also their overall mission effectiveness, particularly in challenging maritime environments. The implications of this research extend beyond more performance metrics; they highlight the critical need for ongoing innovation in vessel design to meet the evolving challenges of maritime security and operational readiness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 2026 09:10:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703853</guid>
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      <title>Land Dominates the Sea: ASEAN and Legal Certainty in Maritime Boundary Disputes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703860</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The principle that “land dominates the sea” is the doctrinal cornerstone of international maritime boundary law, affirming that all maritime entitlements derive from lawful sovereignty over land territory under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS, 1982). This study re-examines the principle through a comparative analysis of four landmark cases; Ligitan and Sipadan (2002), Black Sea (2009), Colombia v. Nicaragua (2012), and the South China Sea Arbitration (2016), to assess how courts and tribunals have applied land-based entitlement and to identify gaps between judicial authority and state compliance. Using a normative-doctrinal approach, the paper traces the doctrinal sequence of title, entitlement, method, and compliance, revealing that while jurisprudence has strengthened legal certainty, enforcement remains undermined by power asymmetry and institutional fragmentation. To address this gap, the paper proposes targeted legal innovations, including an Implementing Agreement under UNCLOS Part XV, expanded advisory jurisdiction of ITLOS, and a binding ASEAN–China Code of Conduct (COC) to reinforce regional compliance and cooperation. The findings demonstrate that transforming the “land dominates the sea” doctrine into an operational rule of enforcement is essential for ensuring equity, predictability, and stability in contemporary maritime governance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 13:50:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703860</guid>
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      <title>Empowering Coastal Communities: A Strategic Framework for Volunteer Integration in Maritime Search and Rescue Operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703859</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The integration of volunteers into coastal Search and Rescue (SAR) operations in Croatia is analysed through a strategic framework aligned with established practices within the Norwegian SAR system. Although Croatia formally recognises volunteer involvement in its maritime legislation, the absence of practical structures—such as standardized training, formal protocols, and coordination mechanisms—limits effective participation. Building on successful elements from the Norwegian model, the proposed framework, adapted to Croatian conditions, is designed to strengthen SAR performance by improving response times, expanding coverage, and drawing on local knowledge. The study employs a qualitative comparative case study design structured around a cross-national analytical framework, providing an evidence-based analysis of the gap between legislative recognition and operational implementation of volunteer SAR integration. The findings identify the institutional conditions under which volunteer integration becomes operationally viable, and offer a transferable framework for coastal states facing similar challenges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 13:50:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703859</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Modelling, Simulation and Optimisation of Complex Systems in Maritime Transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703858</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maritime transport systems represent complex socio-technical environments characterised by strong interdependencies between technical, organisational, environmental, and human subsystems, as well as by pronounced uncertainty and dynamic behaviour. Traditional deterministic planning approaches are often insufficient to adequately capture such complexity or to support robust operational decision-making. This paper examines the modelling and optimisation of complex maritime transport systems by integrating network-based optimisation and stochastic modelling approaches. The methodological framework combines operational research techniques with simulation in order to represent maritime transportation as a directed time–space network with stochastic demand and time windows. Uncertainty related to operational disturbances, port congestion, and variable demand is explicitly incorporated into the optimisation process. A case-oriented application demonstrates how stochastic network-based optimisation can improve routing, scheduling, and recovery strategies compared to purely deterministic approaches. The results indicate that controlled flexibility in arrival times and routing decisions leads to improved operational performance, enhanced resilience, and better trade-offs between fuel consumption, service reliability, and recovery costs. The proposed framework serves as a decision-support tool for maritime operations, providing structured analytical support, while preserving the role of human judgment in safety-critical environments. By bridging systems theory, operational research, and applied maritime modelling, the study contributes to the development of robust decision-support approaches for complex and uncertain maritime transport systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 13:50:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703858</guid>
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