<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/common/TRIS Suite/feeds/RSS.aspx?s=PHNlYXJjaD48cGFyYW1zPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJzdWJqZWN0bG9naWMiIHZhbHVlPSJvciIgLz48cGFyYW0gbmFtZT0idGVybXNsb2dpYyIgdmFsdWU9Im9yIiAvPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJsb2NhdGlvbiIgdmFsdWU9IjAiIC8%2BPC9wYXJhbXM%2BPGZpbHRlcnM%2BPGZpbHRlciBmaWVsZD0ic2VyaWFsIiB2YWx1ZT0iJnF1b3Q7VHJhbnNOYXYsIHRoZSBJbnRlcm5hdGlvbmFsIEpvdXJuYWwgb24gTWFyaW5lIE5hdmlnYXRpb24gYW5kIFNhZmV0eSBvZiBTZWEgVHJhbnNwb3J0YXRpb24mcXVvdDsiIG9yaWdpbmFsX3ZhbHVlPSImcXVvdDtUcmFuc05hdiwgdGhlIEludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgSm91cm5hbCBvbiBNYXJpbmUgTmF2aWdhdGlvbiBhbmQgU2FmZXR5IG9mIFNlYSBUcmFuc3BvcnRhdGlvbiZxdW90OyIgLz48L2ZpbHRlcnM%2BPHJhbmdlcyAvPjxzb3J0cz48c29ydCBmaWVsZD0icHVibGlzaGVkIiBvcmRlcj0iZGVzYyIgLz48L3NvcnRzPjxwZXJzaXN0cz48cGVyc2lzdCBuYW1lPSJyYW5nZXR5cGUiIHZhbHVlPSJwdWJsaXNoZWRkYXRlIiAvPjwvcGVyc2lzdHM%2BPC9zZWFyY2g%2B" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Gnss Jamming and Spoofing Situational Awareness Maps</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720279</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The widespread and rich use of global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) means that they have become a frequent target for intentional interference that impedes, falsifies, or prevents their operational existence. Such activities are related to deliberate disinformation actions or limiting access to services essential for transport, critical infrastructure, government, civil services, or military. They are usually an element of asymmetric hybrid actions carried out as part of information warfare conducted in the electromagnetic spectrum using electronic warfare (EW) techniques, terrorist operations, or are related to human carelessness. In military operations, they constitute a means of influencing navigation warfare (NAVWAR). When GNSS is caused by jamming or spoofing, it becomes challenging to use effectively. Utilizing their services introduces significant uncertainty, as it is unclear whether the provided values for position, speed, and time are reliable. Nowadays, many incidents are observed concerning the jamming of GNSS signals, causing adverse effects on maritime navigation, air operations, and land transport, the synchronization of telecommunications systems (especially mobile), as well as disruptions to the operation of energy and financial systems. The scale of these phenomena is massive, and their scope covers countries (e.g., Ukraine), regions of countries (e.g., Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Sweden, and others), also large areas of shipping waters, such as the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, or the Black Sea. In this paper, we present the idea of using situational awareness maps to visualize and assess the current state of disruptions to the functioning of global systems in each region caused by jamming or spoofing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720279</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Developing Professional Linguistic Competence in Multilingual Ship Crews: A Psycholinguistic Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720278</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In multilingual crews of seagoing vessels, English functions as a lingua franca, and the security of communication depends to a large extent on the use of standardized IMO SMCPs. However, communicative failures occur not only due to insufficient language competence but also due to psycholinguistic limitations of speech processing under conditions of navigational load, attention switching, and stress. The purpose of the study is to identify psycholinguistic mechanisms that increase the risk of professional communication disorders on the bridge. The study has an integrated analytical design and is based on a secondary analysis of empirical data: the results of surveys of seafarers on the use of SMCPs and on hull-based studies of ship-based radio communications. To interpret the discrepancies between the normative model of communication and actual practice, a psycholinguistic model is applied, considering three key factors: processing load, attention switching between communication channels, and stress-induced interference. The analysis showed that the regulatory status of SMCPs is perceived differently by seafarers depending on the communicative context: they are more often considered mandatory in external communication, while they are seen as recommended in internal one. Corpus data show uneven use of protocol elements: the phonetic alphabet is almost always used, while message and exchange termination structural markers are much less used. This indicates the degradation of metacommunicative elements under the influence of operational load. The study confirms that communicative failures in mixed crews are due not only to language competence but also to psycholinguistic limitations of speech activity. A model of professional language competence of seafarers is proposed, combining language repertoire, protocol-procedural competence, and cognitive control.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720278</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energy Security and the Green Transition: A Case Study of a Diesel Fuel Transshipment Terminal in the Southern Baltic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720277</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article addresses the issues of energy security and the transition toward a low-emission economy in the context of port infrastructure development along the Polish Baltic coast. The central focus of the study is the design concept for a diesel fuel transshipment terminal in a small port on the southern Baltic coast, presented as an application-oriented case study. The first part of the article outlines the significance of liquid fuel pipeline transport and the related safety and environmental protection requirements. This is followed by a review of selected terminals operating on the Polish coast, highlighting technical and organizational solutions that may serve as reference points for new investments. The core of the paper is the terminal design, which includes a location analysis, geological and hydrographic conditions, and the structural solutions for the transshipment platform, loading arms, fender systems, and ship-handling support equipment. The discussion emphasizes the importance of the investment for Poland’s energy policy as well as the potential for flexible adaptation of the infrastructure to alternative fuels (biofuels, methanol) in line with the Green Deal perspective. The study combines transport, engineering, and economic perspectives, and the results may serve as a starting point for further design analyses and investment documentation related to the development of fuel terminal infrastructure in Poland.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720277</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Data-Driven Method for Assessing Safety and Ease of Inland Waterway Navigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720275</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The quantification of safety and ease is an essential aspect of risk assessment in the context of inland waterway navigation using ship handling simulators. This task involves deriving and analysing quantifiable parameters from inherently complex manoeuvres, including ship kinematics and waterway-specific measures. The main challenge lies in establishing a systematic and standardized approach that can be applied to a broad variety of manoeuvres. In this paper, we introduce a data-driven method for assessing the safety and ease of inland waterway navigation, including ship and waterway related parameters extracted from simulation data. What is novel about this method is the spatially-resolved evaluation of the parameters, allowing for precise identification of local critical situations along the waterway. The method is extended by averaging the parameters across multiple simulations, which reduces the influence of outliers and highlights critical situations that persist across simulations. We demonstrate our method's universal applicability with three representative case studies on German inland waterways: a lock entry in Schwabenheim on the River Neckar, a sharp river bend near Reibersdorf on the River Danube and an entry into a planned rest harbour in Niedermörmter on the River Rhine.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720275</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hybrid Method for Cloud Detection Using Sentinel-2 Imagery and Spectral Indices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720274</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Satellite imagery constitutes an extremely valuable source of information about the natural environment and the processes occurring on the Earth's surface. However, the availability of useful optical imagery is often significantly limited by atmospheric factors, most notably the presence of clouds. Cloud cover can completely hinder the interpretation of satellite images or lead to erroneous analysis results if not properly identified and filtered out. Moreover, not all clouds are easily detectable—thin cirrus clouds located above water bodies often remain unnoticed in basic RGB visualizations. This article aims to develop and validate an effective method for cloud identification using selected spectral bands and remote sensing indices, which was further tested on the coastal waters of Poland.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720274</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cold Climate Maritime Engineering: The Need for Development of Educational Materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720273</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maritime activity in the Arctic has increased significantly due to declining sea ice, longer open-water seasons, and growing interest in shipping, tourism, fisheries, and natural resources. While these developments create new opportunities, they also increase operational, environmental, and safety challenges in remote and vulnerable regions. This paper argues for the development of a dedicated one-year, 60-ECTS programme in cold-climate maritime engineering to address competency gaps in current maritime education and training (MET) for Arctic operations. The objective of the study is to present key learning requirements based on real challenges and threats as a result of increased activity. The study draws on historical polar maritime accidents, Arctic search-and-rescue exercises, and evaluations of Polar Code training. Case studies, including Maxim Gorkiy (1989), Explorer (2007), Northguider (2018), and Ocean Explorer (2023), reveal recurring challenges related to grounding, ice navigation, emergency response, remoteness, and organizational decision-making. Although accident rates relative to traffic appear to have declined after the introduction of the IMO Polar Code, grounding remains the dominant accident type in Arctic passenger shipping. The paper argues that existing international training standards are insufficient for the complexity of polar operations. To address this, the proposed curriculum combines theoretical instruction, simulator training, laboratory exercises, and case-based learning grounded in resilience and professional competence formation. The programme is organized into six modules covering Arctic operations, marine technology, safety, resilience, and emergency preparedness. The paper concludes that strengthening Arctic maritime resilience requires not only regulation and technology, but also specialized education adapted to the realities of cold-climate operation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720273</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Visualization, Vulnerability and Manipulation in Internal Communications Systems on the Navigation Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720272</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper is the continuation of a project previously presented for the training of students in both the Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Radio Engineering. The proposal makes it possible to visualise and understand how navigation equipment shares information on board a ship, using low-cost devices. Through an SDR receiver, free software (SDA, ShipPlotter, OpenCPN) and minimal investment, students can receive AIS transmissions, decode them, get their NMEA frames to view over electronic letters. This practice recreates an ECDIS environment in a PC, promoting self-learning, technical curiosity and innovation. In addition, it explores the possibility of generating false NMEA frames to demonstrate the vulnerability of the system, reinforcing the importance of information integrity in navigation. The project demonstrates how, without costly equipment, it is possible to assimilate complex concepts into communication and navigation systems, reinforcing the motivation and active learning of students.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720272</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Designing a Yolov8n-Based Video Surveillance System for Ship Aspect Recognition</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720270</link>
      <description><![CDATA[According to the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs), vessels must maintain an effective lookout by sight, hearing, and all available technical means, taking into account prevailing circumstances and environmental conditions. In this context, automated visual surveillance systems represent an important enhancement of conventional navigational tools, enabling early detection and interpretation of surrounding vessel behaviour. This study proposes a video surveillance system based on the lightweight YOLOv8n deep learning model for the detection and classification of eight vessel aspects. The model was trained on an initial dataset of 925 images, which was further expanded to 1,742 annotated images. The dataset was designed to reflect real maritime operating conditions, including different times of day, weather scenarios, vessel categories, and geographical regions. To improve robustness, data augmentation techniques such as colour space transformations, geometric modifications, and classification-specific augmentations were applied. Class imbalance was mitigated through the use of class weighting. The paper also describes the system architecture and camera configuration, providing effective surveillance coverage up to 6 nautical miles. The proposed approach enables not only vessel aspect recognition but also the estimation of relative and true bearings, thereby contributing to improved situational awareness and collision avoidance in maritime navigation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720270</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Objective Assessment of Maritime Vhf Communication Competence Using a Real-Time Simulation Framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720269</link>
      <description><![CDATA[VHF radiotelephony remains a fundamental component of maritime safety and is mandated by the STCW Convention as an essential operational competency for seaferer. However, existing studies largely focus on basic button-level interaction and rarely incorporate real-time voice transmission, multi-user communication, or standardized performance assessment. This study introduces a simulation system for the Sailor SP3520 portable VHF radio developed in Unity, integrating real-time voice exchange through the UDP protocol combined with Photon Voice. The framework accurately reproduces half-duplex behaviour, communication latency, channel switching, scanning modes, power settings, and Push-to-Talk operations, while supporting STCW/SMCP-based training scenarios. A multi-dimensional competency assessment rubric was designed to evaluate learner performance in technical operation, phraseology, situational awareness, and radio discipline. A pilot study involving second-and third-year students demonstrates clear cohort-based performance differentiation, consistent error reduction patterns, and procedural compliance trends aligned with training progression. The core contribution is a multi-dimensional performance assessment framework that combines system-logged interaction data with a structured rubric to quantify technical accuracy, channel selection errors, Push-to-Talk misuse, and teamwork-related radio discipline. The findings confirm the potential of Unity-based VHF simulation as a reliable tool for STCW-compliant training and highlight its applicability for multi-user and remote learning environments in the digital transformation of maritime education.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720269</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Occupational Stress and Fatigue at Sea: A Gender Perspective of Spanish Seafarers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720268</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With less than 2% of women seafarers, it is undeniable that the maritime industry, and specifically work on board, is a sector historically dominated by men. Ships are hard workplaces where stress and fatigue are commonly present. Psychosocial risk factors related to the performance of tasks, work organization, and interpersonal relationships could trigger health problems related to stress, such as depression, anxiety, burnout and even suicide. Despite gender differences in the risk of suffering from occupational diseases and accidents in relation to work stress are widely documented internationally in several sectors, research exploring the correlation between gender and stress in the maritime field is scarce. This paper focuses on the perception of stress and fatigue of Spanish women working at sea, making a comparison with their male colleagues. For this purpose, a survey on stress and fatigue is distributed to seafarers, from which 236 valid responses are obtained, these are analyzed and cross-checked using the SPSS data analysis program. The results show that there is a clear difference between genders in the perception of stress, since 37.04% of women and 23.33% of men refer to a high level of stress in the last campaign on board. In the case of fatigue, the difference is greater, with 44% of women versus 21.05% of men reporting a high level of fatigue during the last period on board. The percentages of reported stress symptoms also show important differences: 41.92% of women very often experience “tendency to eat, drink or smoke more than usual”, compared to 22.65% of men who experience this symptom; 30.91% of women also suffer from migraines or headaches, while only 8.29% of men report experiencing them.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720268</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Exploratory Study to Measure Sextant Technical Skills in an Increasingly Digitalized Marine Environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720267</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The fourth industrial revolution has ushered in a transformative era for the maritime industry, marked by the increasing digitalization of vessels and the emergence of maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS). While these technological advancements provide numerous benefits, they also present associated challenges concerning the retention of conventional seafaring skills. Traditional tools such as the sextant—once a core component of celestial navigation—offer a potential countermeasure against rising cyber threats targeting satellite-based positioning systems. The current study explores the retention of sextant-related skills, focusing on both declarative and procedural knowledge. This aim was achieved by assessing skill and knowledge retention, and investigating the influence of specific variable (i.e., age, rank, years at sea, sextant use frequency) on skill retention. A total of 34 active seafarers participated in this study, with ranks ranging from cadet to captain. Participants were asked to complete two declarative tests (a written assessment of sextant components and common calibration errors) and one procedural test (manual calibration of the sextant). However, participants only completed the declarative tests, with none undertaking the procedural task. The analysis revealed no significant relationships between sextant knowledge retention and variables such as age, years at sea, rank, or frequency of sextant use. All tested correlations were weak and statistically non-significant. These findings are important as they challenge common assumptions about experience and practice directly correlating with skill retention. The results underscore the need for a reassessment of maritime training approaches to ensure the continued competence in traditional navigation methods. This is particularly relevant given the maritime sector’s increasing dependence on digital systems, highlighting the value of preserving manual navigation skills as a critical backup in the event of technological failure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720267</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Challenges and Optimization in Liner Shipping Network Design: A Systematic Mapping and Future Research Agenda</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720266</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Liner Shipping Network Design (LSND) is crucial for global maritime efficiency; however, the field faces persistent trade-offs driven by escalating fuel costs, complex network demands, and geographical challenges. This paper conducts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to explore how existing studies have addressed these challenges through diverse optimization strategies. Using the PRISMA approach, 119 peer-reviewed articles were reviewed and systematically mapped across several key dimensions: decision levels (strategic, tactical, and operational), problem areas (shore-based and sea-based), service patterns (simple, pendulum, butterfly, complex, and asymmetric), optimization approaches, and physical constraints. The analysis shows that while mathematical programming, heuristics, metaheuristics, and hybrid models are widely applied, their performance and applicability vary across different case studies. Strategic-level studies on network design and fleet deployment dominate the existing research, whereas service patterns such as butterfly and asymmetric networks remain underexplored despite their operational relevance for regions facing trade imbalances. This review contributes to developing the links between optimization methods and specific LSND challenges. It proposes a future research agenda that emphasizes uncertainty factors, green policy integration, and cooperative network design, particularly relevant for developing adaptive and sustainable systems in complex archipelagic or inter-regional contexts. By doing so, it provides a clearer understanding of the field landscape and outlines potential pathways for advancing adaptive and sustainable shipping network optimization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720266</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Limitations and Practical Applicability of Semis Methodology in Intact Stability Assessment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720265</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper applies the SEMIS (Simple Evaluation Methodology for Intact Stability) approach to a 13593 DWT general cargo vessel for stability assessment using only metacentric height (GM). SEMIS estimate key stability parameters through regression models and compares them with IMO Intact Stability Code criteria. Analysis of 1314 loading conditions of investigated ship shows that SEMIS method provides quick and generally accurate evaluations of stability for typical GM ranges (GM>0.30 m). However, results reveal notable discrepancies for low-GM states (GM<0.30 m) especially in context of weather-related criteria. SEMIS in low GM condition may incorrectly classify compliance and may underestimate critical stability parameters. These findings indicate that while SEMIS is a practical supplementary tool, its application should be limited to preliminary checks rather than final compliance verification. Additionally, we can determine the GM value associated with the critical weather criterion. At this point, the b/a ratio reaches its peak, while for lower GM values it decreases significantly, remaining a nonlinear function alongside other stability parameters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720265</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identification of Trends in Port State Control Detention: A Comparative Analysis of Two Regional Mou Agreements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720264</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Port State Control (PSC) is the inspection of foreign ships in national ports based on relevant international conventions and regulations. This study aimed to construct a comprehensive analysis framework to identify PSC detention trends by comparing data from two regional agreements for a selected period. The objective was achieved by collecting detention data based on the Paris and Tokyo MoU for the 2018 to 2022 period. The data were analyzed traditionally using statistical methods to determine PSC detention trends with a focus on some factors. The results for Paris MoU showed that the highest percentage detention based on flag registry was Panama at 19.75%, recognized organization was class BV at 16.71%, type of ship was general cargo at 46.86%, ship more than 25 years old were 45.52% and deficiency related to ISM was 16.69%. Meanwhile, the analysis of the data related to Tokyo MoU showed Panama at 30.22%, class NKK at 22.61%, bulk carrier vessels at 39.22%, 15 and 19 years old at 29.82% and deficiency related to fire safety was 21.66%, respectively. The results were expected to provide important insights into the maritime industry, especially for ship managers and shipping companies as well as future studies related to PSC.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720264</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Monitoring and Evaluating Sustainable Mobility in a Fragmented Port-City Environment: Evidence from a Maritime University</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720263</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The implementation of sustainable mobility initiatives in academic institutions plays a crucial role in shaping environmentally friendly transport behaviours and enhancing urban accessibility. This study focuses on monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of sustainable mobility measures within a university setting, examining their impact on commuting patterns and infrastructure usage. It further investigates the role of institutional collaboration in advancing innovative transport solutions and assesses the influence of newly introduced facilities and organizational strategies on mobility choices. By dissecting user feedback and mobility data, the study provides insights into the effectiveness of implemented measures and identifies key challenges and opportunities for further development and enhancing sustainable transport strategies. Despite these efforts, transport behaviours still do not fully align with sustainability goals, highlighting the need for further research and firmed actions. Nevertheless, the results of the survey conducted within this study indicate that the sustainable development policy is progressing in a positive direction, as 45% of respondents report using intermodal transport when commuting to the buildings of Gdynia Maritime University (GMU). The findings aim to support policymakers, urban planners and academic institutions in refining mobility policies and infrastructure to create a more accessible and sustainable transport environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720263</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>