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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Ship pipeline route intelligent design via energy-field constraint quantification and improved hybrid evolutionary computation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2782887</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ship pipeline route design (SPRD) is labor-intensive and complex in constrained 3D ship environments, which often involve diverse and ambiguous engineering rules. Traditional drawing-based approaches rely heavily on designers’ experience, while most existing optimization methods are insufficient for collaborative, multi-category routing tasks on large vessels. To overcome these challenges, this study presents an intelligent SPRD framework that unifies heterogeneous layout constraints and enhances route-search performance. The framework assumes that routing criteria are independent of pipe material and does not explicitly model material-dependent properties or constraints. The ship space is discretized into grids that are classified as free, passable, restricted, attractive, or repulsive regions. Ambiguous requirements, such as maintaining proximity to bulkheads and keeping distance from hazardous equipment, are quantified via a continuous energy field and incorporated into objective functions for various pipeline routing types, including single, multiple, branch, parallel, and multi-category collaborative routing. The framework uses an enhanced Sine Cosine–Differential Evolution (SCA-DE) algorithm, which integrates adaptive parameter variation, position updating, random parameter perturbation, and dynamic population-size adjustment. Experiments on ballast-water and compartment scenarios show that the proposed SCA-DE outperforms particle swarm, genetic, and dung beetle optimizers, achieving the best fitness in most test pipelines and validating its effectiveness and versatility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 09:29:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2782887</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ultra-low cycle fatigue fracture behaviour of X80 pipeline steel under high stress triaxiality</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2781208</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Oil and gas pipelines may be damaged by the high stress and a limited number of cycles when an earthquake occurs. The failure mode, which is the ultimate limit state of pipelines, belongs to the region of ultra-low cycle fatigue (ULCF). In this study, the ULCF fracture behaviour of X80 pipeline steel was studied experimentally under high-stress triaxiality. The results showed that the ULCF fracture of the X80 pipeline steel behaves within the obvious ductile fracture characteristic and the fracture initiations originate from the centre point of the notch roots for all ULCF specimens. More importantly, two ULCF models were used to evaluate the ULCF fracture initiation. Compared to the ULCF-2021 model, the ULCF-2024 model predicts the ULCF fracture initiation with a lower error in terms of the accumulated equivalent plastic strain.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Sep 2026 15:46:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2781208</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhanced detection orientation of buried energy pipeline damages using empirical mode decomposition and magnetic gradient tensor with detrended fluctuation analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2775026</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Geomagnetic anomaly sensing provides a noncontact approach to assessing buried steel pipelines, yet weak defect signatures are often masked by environmental noise and uncertainty in detector orientation. This study introduces an integrated workflow that combines empirical mode decomposition with a detrended fluctuation analysis-based mode selection for adaptive denoising and employs the modulus of the magnetic gradient tensor for orientation robust localization, supported by a dipole forward model that links defect parameters to the measured field. In simulations with additive white noise (input SNR 5 dB), the EMD plus DFA pipeline achieves the strongest reconstruction among common baselines, increasing output SNR to 19.45 dB with RMSE 0.329 nT and outperforming moving average and wavelet filtering. Field trials on a Q235 steel pipeline (inner diameter about 325 mm, wall thickness 5 mm) with a 1.5 m sensor standoff and 1 kHz sampling confirm practical gains. The MGTM response forms a sharp, well-localized peak within 0.12 m of the ground truth defect, whereas single-axis gradients yield broader, less stable responses under changes in survey azimuth. The results demonstrate that coupling EMD with DFA and MGTM improves detectability and positional accuracy without excavation, using only surface measurements suitable for routine integrity management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Sep 2026 16:46:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2775026</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stress-Strain Response Characteristics of Buried Gas Pipelines Under Landslide Action</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2777953</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Typically, triggered by geological hazards such as landslides, ground displacement acts as the main cause for the failure of buried pipelines. To maintain the structural integrity of these pipelines, an in-depth investigation is required to understand how these pipelines, subjected to landslide thrust, respond mechanically. During the research, a refined three-dimensional (3D) finite element model for soil-pipeline interaction was established, as evidenced by existing experimental data, which takes the elastoplastic behavior of the soil and complex contact conditions into consideration. According to a thorough parametric study, on the basis of the model, the effects of pipeline, landslide, and soil vary in their protection, detrimental, and complex trade-off levels. On the one hand, protective measures concerning wall thickness, steel grade, and other similar factors serve to improve resilience; on the other hand, detrimental factors such as burial depth and soil stiffness escalate the possibility of failure risk. Notably, the influences related to landslide extent and pipe diameter are not straightforward and monotonic. In other words, when one factor increases, risk may be reduced in one regime and amplified in another. Therefore, words like “wider” or “bigger” should not be equal to “safer” by default. To conclude, based on the results, train-based evaluation is supported, and some practical guidance can be provided for the design and risk assessment for pipelines in areas where geohazards may occur.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Sep 2026 11:53:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2777953</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamic prediction of sand transport, deposition, and entrainment behavior and sand bed characteristics in gas-condensate pipelines: A transient coupled modeling framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2773708</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Moderate sand control strategies allow a fraction of sand particles to enter subsea gas-condensate pipelines, introducing the risk of sand deposition. However, existing models still struggle to accurately predict sand transport behaviors and sand bed characteristics. To address this issue, a dynamic prediction framework is developed by coupling a transient multiphase flow model with a critical velocity model for sand deposition. The framework uses a two-fluid model and a double-circle interface model to describe the gas-liquid phase distribution and flow characteristics in low-liquid-loading pipelines. A multiphase critical velocity model incorporating inclination effects is established based on single-particle force analysis and fitting of 435 experimental data points from multiple sources, with an average prediction error of 8.75%. Through inter-module data exchange and time-marching updates, the framework reveals and quantitatively characterizes a two-way feedback mechanism: sand bed accumulation reduces the effective flow area, which in turn alters local flow characteristics and sand-carrying capacity. The proposed framework enables dynamic prediction of the state transitions of sand transport, deposition, and entrainment, as well as the spatiotemporal evolution of sand bed characteristics. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for sand deposition risk identification and flow assurance strategy development in subsea gas-condensate pipelines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Sep 2026 08:37:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2773708</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical investigation of flow-induced vibrations in near-wall cylinder at low gap ratios with considering collisions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2725060</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Offshore pipelines play a crucial role in the extraction and transport of offshore oil and gas resources, and submarine pipelines are a key type of offshore pipelines. Understanding the flow-induced vibration (FIV) characteristics of submarine pipelines is crucial for their effective design, laying out, and maintenance. ​In this paper, we numerically study near-wall rigid cylinders with elastic support of two degrees of freedom (2DOF) and FIV initial gaps G = 0.5D, 0.6D, 0.7D, 0.8D and 0.9D​A systematic analysis of the FIV response characteristics, hydrodynamic characteristics and vortex shedding modes of near-wall cylinders with different gap ratios has been performed. The results show that under the subcritical Reynolds number, the critical gap ratio of the near-wall cylinder with mass ratio m*=2.6 and damping ratio ξ=0.0036 without collision is 0.9D​The transverse frequency ratio of flow-induced vibrations in a near-wall cylinder reaches fy/fn =1.3 at small reduced velocities compared to a cylinder without a wall boundary, and the transverse vibrations of a near-wall cylinder move out of the lock-in range much earlier. ​Due to the wall effect, the dominant vortex shedding mode at the initial and upper branches is the 2P0 mode when the gap ratio is large (G/D ≥ 0.7). However, as the initial gap ratio decreases, the vortex shedding mode gradually changes to the 2S mode or the P₀+S mode, where the P₀+S mode appears at high reduced velocities. ​Furthermore, the transverse amplitude of the near-wall cylinder is smaller at each gap ratio compared to the cylinder without a wall boundary. ​When the gap ratio is small (G/D = 0.5), the collisions between the cylinder and the wall are unusually frequent and intense, and the reduced velocity ranges corresponding to frequent collisions (Uᵣ =6.0–8.0) and collision strengths (Uᵣ =8.0–9.0) do not coincide. In the high reduced velocity range (Uᵣ ≥11.0), the transverse direction vibration equilibrium point of the cylinder is shifted. As the initial gap ratio increases, the range of velocities corresponding to collisions decreases, as does the collision frequency and force.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:56:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2725060</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A semi-analytical elastoplastic framework for predicting residual stresses in flexible pipe tensile armors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720653</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tensile armor layers are critical structural components of flexible pipes used in offshore oil and gas production systems. During manufacturing, these layers are subjected to cyclic bending, torsion, and pre-operational loadings, generating multiaxial residual stress fields that play a key role in the initiation of CO₂-induced stress corrosion cracking (SCCCO₂). Despite their relevance, manufacturing-induced stresses are often neglected or oversimplified in design and integrity assessments. Hence, this study proposes a semi-analytical elastoplastic framework to predict stress and strain evolution in tensile armor wires throughout the manufacturing process, including the Factory Acceptance Test (FAT). The model is formulated within the framework of von Mises plasticity with an associated flow rule and nonlinear kinematic hardening based on the Chaboche model, incorporating Tanaka’s polarization tensor to account for nonproportional hardening under multiaxial loading paths. The methodology is evaluated by comparing it with finite element (FE) models using beam and solid formulations. Results show that the semi-analytical model closely reproduces beam-based FE stress distributions and yields stress levels comparable to those from solid-element predictions, while requiring substantially lower computational cost. The final residual stress state after FAT is characterized by high tensile stresses concentrated at the extrados, exceeding 60% of the material yield strength, consistent with experimental evidence reported in the literature. These findings identify the extrados as the most critical region for SCCCO₂ initiation. Overall, the proposed approach offers an efficient and physically consistent tool for rapid assessment of manufacturing-induced residual stresses in flexible pipe tensile armors, supporting integrity evaluations and mitigation strategies for SCCCO₂ in offshore applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:56:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720653</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Resilience assessment and emergency strategy optimisation for hydrogen‑blended natural gas pipeline networks: A case study of the Shandong province network</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2725636</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hydrogen is key to carbon neutrality; blending into existing natural gas pipelines enables large-scale deployment. Based on energy supply-demand balance, this paper proposes a four-dimensional “source-storage-transmission-utilisation” resilience indicator system and aggregates a comprehensive resilience index (RI) via a geometric mean that captures short-board effects, establishing a resilience assessment framework oriented toward end-use heating value assurance. Taking the Shandong pipeline network as a case, a baseline diagnosis of eight candidate injection points shows that Zibo, a mid-section industrial hinterland with abundant local hydrogen, achieves the highest RI, outperforming topologically central hubs. To address offshore LNG disruption, three supply-constrained scenarios are defined; energy balance quantifies hydrogen compensation needs and safe blending ratios. A staged strategy is proposed, namely, single-point injection, multi-point coordination, and then onshore gas increase plus storage replenishment plus low-ratio blending. When LNG supply falls to 65% of baseline, hydrogen blending alone would require a global ratio of 39.6%, far exceeding safety limits. After activating onshore augmentation and storage, the ratio drops to 9.02%, yet comprehensive resilience still declines by 7.8% relative to baseline. The study reveals that when crisis intensity exceeds operational thresholds, the decisive resilience constraint shifts from dispatch optimisation to gas source structure; heavy dependence on a single deep-sea LNG channel fundamentally limits overall network resilience.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:56:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2725636</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NaFreBformer: Natural gas pipeline leakage forecasting using Nyström approximation Transformer without frequency bias</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720960</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Natural gas pipeline leakage threatens energy supply reliability and operational safety, making accurate forecasting-based detection essential for real-time monitoring. Although supervisory control and data acquisition systems enable large-scale time-series modeling with Transformers, their deployment in pipeline monitoring still faces three challenges: (1) imbalanced modeling of high- and low-frequency components, (2) high inference latency when preserving computational accuracy, limiting real-time monitoring, and (3) the absence of a robust, adaptive threshold for discriminating normal from leakage states. To address these issues, we propose NaFreBformer, an encoder-only Transformer for pipeline monitoring. Specifically, the key components of our approach include: (1) patching the full-spectrum into multiple sub-bands, each band independently normalized and forecasted to mitigate bias, (2) approximating self-attention by the Nyström method to improve computational efficiency, and (3) introducing a dynamic nonparametric boundary based on the Райта principle, which utilizes historical normal data to establish a boundary that effectively discriminates leakage from normal data. Experiments on real pipelines show that NaFreBformer improves Accuracy by 1.96% and F1-score by 4.23%, while reducing inference latency by 45.16%, thereby reducing missed and false alarms, shortening safety response time, and improving the operational reliability of pipeline monitoring systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:56:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720960</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Water Transfer Centrifugal Pump Shaft Dynamic Loads under Different Operating Modes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2778242</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article addresses the dynamics of an water transfer centrifugal pump drive with a asynchronous electric motor operating on a filled reservoir. A three-mass dynamic model of the drive has been developed, and the equations of motion for the masses have been formulated. Friction losses inside the pump, pipeline resistance, and the inertial resistance of the fluid in the pipeline have been taken into account. The torque of the asynchronous drive motor is described by the Kloss equation. The numerical solution of the dynamic equations shows that the most dangerous scenario in terms of the strength of the pump's main shaft and motor overheating is startup with the delivery valve open, as overload here approaches approximately 20 times the nominal value. It has been established that during pump startup with the delivery valve closed, shaft overload can reach 160%, while sudden opening of the valve on the delivery pipeline results in 180%. It is shown that transient operating modes of the pump drive are accompanied by intense torsional vibrations, which reduce shaft service life and must be considered in refined calculations. The cases examined are of practical value, as they underscore the need to follow pump operating procedures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Sep 2026 15:52:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2778242</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A stochastic multi-physics framework integrating thermo-electrochemical-microbial dynamics for lifecycle corrosion prediction and risk quantification of subsea pipelines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2744038</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Current deterministic corrosion models for subsea pipelines fail to account for the stochastic nature of microbial activity and the synergistic damage induced by axial temperature field non-uniformity, leading to significant uncertainties in lifecycle risk assessment. This paper proposes an integrated corrosion prediction and risk quantification framework that couples multi-physics stochastic dynamics with thermal-electrochemical-microbial processes. First, a stochastic differential equation (SDE)-based model of microbial metabolic activity is constructed, where the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process describes the regression of activity to an expected level under environmental fluctuations. Second, a one-dimensional non-steady-state pipe wall temperature field model is established, incorporating axially varying soil thermal resistance, burial depth, and fluid thermodynamics. The finite volume method (FVM) is employed for spatial discretisation with rigorous grid convergence index (GCI) analysis, and a fully implicit scheme is used for time integration to ensure unconditional stability. Third, the stochastic microbial corrosion current and the temperature-driven electrochemical corrosion current are vectorially superimposed with a coupling factor to generate a spatiotemporal corrosion field. The coupling factor η is introduced to represent synergistic (η > 0), additive (η = 0), or antagonistic (η < 0) interactions between microbial and electrochemical processes. Fourth, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and probability statistics are introduced to quantify high-risk sections, risk development time, and failure probability. The framework is validated using the Huangze Mountain–Yushan crude oil pipeline project in China, which features complex geological conditions and multiple cable crossings. A comprehensive parameter sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify the dominant factors influencing corrosion failure risk. Results show that the model significantly improves spatiotemporal resolution and uncertainty quantification, providing scientific support for predictive maintenance and integrity management of subsea pipelines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 16:15:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2744038</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trans-UKF: A novel linear target recognition framework for underwater sonar imagery</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2763100</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Underwater linear targets, including oil pipelines and communication cables, are vital to national security and economic stability. However, detecting these targets in side-scan sonar (SSS) imagery is challenging due to their minute scale (often <5 pixels) and lack of texture. To address these limitations, the Trans-UKF framework for robust recognition and continuous tracking is proposed. Firstly, a comprehensive real-world SSS dataset covering diverse lake and marine environments is constructed for training and validating the proposed framework. The core detection network utilizes a Transformer architecture to capture long-range dependencies, achieving an Intersection over Union (IoU) of 75.55% and an accuracy of 82.43%, significantly outperforming traditional U-Net architecture and YOLO26-seg. To mitigate discontinuities caused by sediment burial and motion jitter, a measurement-state adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) is developed. This module effectively reconstructs complete trajectories from fragmented detections, demonstrating high robustness with mean reconstruction errors of 2.35 to 7.10 pixels. Integrated into the "Sea-Whale" Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV), field trials yielded localization accuracies of 84% for a 300-m cable in lake trials, and 96.3% for oil pipelines and 90.1% for centimeter-level cables in sea trials. These results confirm the framework's efficacy for high-precision autonomous underwater inspection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 16:15:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2763100</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Passive slug control in Z-shaped subsea pipelines: Interfacial instability and modal decomposition with varying elbow spacing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2763079</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Z-shaped pipelines are widely used for subsea oil and gas transportation, where multiphase-flow stability is strongly affected by pipe geometry. This study experimentally investigates gas-liquid two-phase flow under three vertical elbow spacings (H/D = 21.46, 17.29, and 13.13) and four inlet conditions. Each condition-spacing combination was measured at four locations, with L2 and L3 positioned in the lower and upper parts of the vertical section between two elbows, respectively. High-speed visualization and Taylor-bubble tracking were used to characterize interfacial evolution and quantify bubble length and velocity, while ECT-reconstructed gas-holdup fields were analyzed using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to identify dominant modal structures. The results reveal that decreasing H/D will shorten the coherent Taylor-bubble structure and intensify phase redistribution near the bends. At L3, the mean dimensionless Taylor-bubble length decreases from 5.40 to 4.49 and 3.25, corresponding to reductions of 16.9% and 39.8%; at L2, it decreases from 4.52 to 4.29 and 3.36, corresponding to reductions of 5.2% and 25.7%. Besides, POD analysis indicates that energy remains concentrated in the leading modes, while reduced spacing weakens spatial coherence and increases localized interfacial deformation. These findings provide experimental evidence for passive slug control and spacing selection in compact Z-shaped subsea pipelines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 16:15:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2763079</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimization of combined heat source parameters and robust interval determination of welding process parameters for deep-sea riser welding</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2768377</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As oil and gas development advances into deepwater environments, the weld quality of risers directly impacts system reliability. This study optimizes a combined planar-conical Gaussian heat source and welding process parameters for 0.027m-thick X80 pipeline steel and identifies a robust process window around the optimum. A finite element model was established, and the simulated weld pool morphology was compared with experimental results to calibrate the heat source. Orthogonal tests were used to determine the optimal heat source parameters, while suitable welding parameter ranges were obtained based on weld quality indicators. Temperature and residual stress fields were further analyzed and benchmarked against experimental results to evaluate the reliability of the numerical predictions. The optimized heat source parameters were a planar Gaussian radius of 0.015m and conical Gaussian top radius, bottom radius, and depth of 0.008, 0.004, and 0.027m, respectively; the top radius had the greatest influence on weld pool morphology. Suitable process ranges were 1048-1158A, 26.1-28.9V, and 0.00475-0.00525 m/s. When the heat-source power distribution ratio remained essentially constant, weld quality was insensitive to near-optimal parameter fluctuations, indicating the engineering usefulness of the robust process window.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 16:15:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2768377</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Buckling mode shifting of subsea pipelines under linear temperature field</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2744090</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Subsea pipelines require heating and pressurization to facilitate the stable flow of hydrocarbons during operation. The exploited oil or natural gas flows from the hot end to the cold end, resulting in a linearly decreasing temperature distribution along the pipeline under steady-state conditions. Accordingly, the effects of linear temperature distributions on the pipeline buckling behaviour and mechanisms are investigated. A finite element model is established and is validated against numerical results. Three characteristic buckling behaviours and their mechanisms are identified in the post-buckling phase, comprising snap-through buckling, mode transition and configuration revolution. Mode transition corresponds to the shift from mode 1 to mode 3 under uniform temperature, and from symmetric to asymmetric configuration under linear temperature. Configuration revolution corresponds to the shift from asymmetric to symmetric configuration under the small temperature gradient, and from asymmetric to antisymmetric configuration under the large temperature gradient.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 16:15:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2744090</guid>
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