Pedestrian automatic emergency braking responses to a stationary or crossing adult mannequin during the day and night

AbstractObjectiveAutomatic emergency braking systems with pedestrian detection (PAEB) are effective at preventing pedestrian crashes, but the safety benefits are not observed at night. This study used the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) PAEB test data to characterize PAEB responses in different lighting conditions and for different rated systems.MethodsData from 6,919 IIHS PAEB tests were retrieved from IIHS databases. Invalid trials, trials without AEB, and trials with outliers were removed leaving 5,894 trials from 212 model year 2018 to 2023 vehicles for analysis. PAEB responses were characterized by computing the time-to-collision (TTC) of forward collision warning (FCW) and AEB; brake threat number (BTN); mean deceleration; maximum deceleration; and maximum jerk. A linear mixed-effects model was used to predict each dependent measure with scenario (crossing adult, stationary adult), speed, rating (superior, basic/advanced), lighting (day, night with high beams, night with low beams), and their interactions. Vehicle was included as a random effect. A Bonferroni correction was applied to maintain a family-wise type-1 error rate of 0.05 across 138 total hypothesis tests.ResultsPAEB system warnings were later and automatic braking occurred later as speed increased at night with low beams but changed little at night with high beams and during the day (p?<?0.0004). BTN increased more rapidly as speed increased at night with low beams compared with high beams and during the day (p?<?0.0004). Based on the BTN model, on average, PAEB systems can brake to avoid the adult mannequin (BTN < 1) when closing speed is less than 67?km/h during the day and at night with high beams but only when closing speed is less than 49?km/h at night with low beams. Superior-rated PAEB systems warned and braked earlier compared with basic/advanced-rated systems (p?<?0.0004).ConclusionsIncreased lighting from high beams made nighttime performance resemble daytime performance in controlled testing. Increasing output from vehicle low beams, increasing the use of high beams, and enhancing overhead lighting around crosswalks and pedestrian areas are all methods for increasing lighting, improving pedestrian conspicuity, and enhancing PAEB performance to prevent pedestrian crashes.

• Record URL:
  • https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2024.2359628
• Availability:
  • Find a library where document is available. Order URL: http://worldcat.org/oclc/49192340
• Supplemental Notes:
  • © 2024 Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 2024. Abstract reprinted with permission of Taylor & Francis.
• Authors:
  • Kidd, David G.
  • Riexinger, Luke E.
  • Perez-Rapela, Daniel
  • Jermakian, Jessica S.
• Publication Date: 2024-11

Language

• English

Media Info

• Media Type: Web
• Features: References;
• Pagination: pp S116-S125
• Serial:
  • Traffic Injury Prevention
  • Volume: 25
  • Issue Number: sup1
  • Publisher: Taylor & Francis
  • ISSN: 1538-9588
  • Serial URL: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/15389588.html

Subject/Index Terms

• TRT Terms: Automatic braking; Driver support systems; Emergency brakes; Night visibility; Nighttime crashes; Pedestrian movement; Periods of the day
• Subject Areas: Highways; Pedestrians and Bicyclists; Safety and Human Factors; Vehicles and Equipment;

Filing Info

• Accession Number: 01943872
• Record Type: Publication
• Files: TRIS
• Created Date: Jan 27 2025 3:11PM