United States Recycled Content Standards for Lithium-Ion Batteries [supporting dataset]
Lithium-ion battery recycling can decrease life cycle environmental impacts of electric vehicles (EVs) and assist in securing domestic supply chains. However, the US, the third largest market for EVs, has no policies for recycling of batteries at their end-of-life. The European Union has proposed recycled content standards (RCSs) to help drive a circular battery ecosystem. This analysis calculates feasible RCSs for the US based on future sale projections, techno-economic assessment, life cycle assessment, and material flow analysis. Using a 95% confidence interval, results show that 11–12% of cobalt, 7–8% of lithium, and 10–12% of nickel demand in 2030 and 15–18%, 9–11%, and 15–17%, respectively, in 2035, could be met by retired supply assuming closed-loop recycling. While domestic recycling can be profitable at scale and reduce environmental impacts, it is more expensive than exporting to China for recycling. Consequently, policy is likely needed to ensure critical materials are recycled domestically.
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Supplemental Notes:
- The dataset supports report: End of Life EV Battery Policy Simulator: A dynamic systems, mixed-methods approach, available at the URL above. This document was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation, University Transportation Centers Program.
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Corporate Authors:
University of California, Davis
Institute of Transportation Studies
Davis, CA United States 95616National Center for Sustainable Transportation
University of California, Davis
Davis, CA United StatesOffice of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology
University Transportation Centers Program
Department of Transportation
Washington, DC United States 20590 -
Authors:
- Dunn, Jessica
- 0000-0003-0441-2734
- Kendall, Alissa
- 0000-0003-1964-9080
- Slattery, Margaret
- 0000-0003-3295-8005
- Publication Date: 2022-7-13
Language
- English
Media Info
- Media Type: Dataset
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Dataset publisher:
Dryad
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Subject/Index Terms
- TRT Terms: Data; Electric vehicles; Forecasting; Life cycle analysis; Lithium batteries; Recycling; Sales
- Geographic Terms: United States
- Subject Areas: Data and Information Technology; Energy; Environment; Highways; Planning and Forecasting; Vehicles and Equipment;
Filing Info
- Accession Number: 01910688
- Record Type: Publication
- Contract Numbers: 69A3551747114
- Files: UTC, NTL, TRIS, USDOT
- Created Date: Mar 4 2024 9:41AM