Real-time Driving Cycle Measurements of Ultrafine Particle Emissions from Two Wheelers and Comparison with Passenger Cars
Two wheel vehicles (scooters and motorcycles) make up 74% of the vehicle population in India. An experimental study has been conducted to assess and compare the particulate emissions from several two wheelers and passenger car in a typical Indian fleet. The vehicles, including four 4-stroke, two 2-stroke two-wheelers, and one gasoline--liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) bi-fuel passenger cars, were tested on a chassis dynamometer using the Indian Driving Cycle. A differential mobility spectrometer was employed to measure the particle size distribution in real-time in the range of 5 nm to 560 nm. Particulate size distributions from the two-wheelers were typically bi-modal. The count median diameter with 4-stroke two wheelers was observed in the range of 26 nm to 48 nm. The number and mass emission factors ranged between 9.5 × 10¹² km⁻¹ to 1.3 × 10¹³ km⁻¹ and 0.80 mg/km to 40 mg/km; respectively. In the case of 2-stroke two wheelers, it was observed that not only the count median diameter is 3 times larger compared to 4-strokes, but also 2-stroke vehicles produce 5 times more particles in term of number and about 60 times more particles in terms of mass. The 2-stroke and 4-stroke two wheelers produced particulate emissions (both in terms of number and mass), which were higher than a gasoline and a LPG passenger vehicle operating on the same driving cycle.
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Availability:
- Find a library where document is available. Order URL: http://worldcat.org/issn/12299138
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Supplemental Notes:
- Copyright © 2014, The Korean Society of Automotive Engineers and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
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Authors:
- Momenimovahed, A
- Olfert, J S
- Checkel, M D
- Pathak, S
- Sood, V
- Singh, Y
- Singal, S K
- Publication Date: 2014-12
Language
- English
Media Info
- Media Type: Web
- Features: References;
- Pagination: pp 1053-1061
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Serial:
- International Journal of Automotive Technology
- Volume: 15
- Issue Number: 7
- Publisher: Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
- ISSN: 1229-9138
- EISSN: 1976-3832
- Serial URL: http://link.springer.com/journal/12239
Subject/Index Terms
- TRT Terms: Liquefied petroleum gas; Motorcycles; Passenger vehicles; Pollutants; Scooters; Two wheeled vehicles
- Geographic Terms: India
- Subject Areas: Environment; Highways; Vehicles and Equipment; I96: Vehicle Operating Costs;
Filing Info
- Accession Number: 01549440
- Record Type: Publication
- Files: TRIS
- Created Date: Jan 2 2015 10:15AM