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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=PHNlYXJjaD48cGFyYW1zPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJzdWJqZWN0bG9naWMiIHZhbHVlPSJvciIgLz48cGFyYW0gbmFtZT0idGVybXNsb2dpYyIgdmFsdWU9Im9yIiAvPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJsb2NhdGlvbiIgdmFsdWU9IjAiIC8+PC9wYXJhbXM+PGZpbHRlcnMgLz48cmFuZ2VzIC8+PHNvcnRzPjxzb3J0IGZpZWxkPSJwdWJsaXNoZWQiIG9yZGVyPSJkZXNjIiAvPjwvc29ydHM+PHBlcnNpc3RzPjxwZXJzaXN0IG5hbWU9InJhbmdldHlwZSIgdmFsdWU9InB1Ymxpc2hlZGRhdGUiIC8+PC9wZXJzaXN0cz48L3NlYXJjaD4=" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>An efficient feature aggregation network for urban road damage detection using street-view images</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713623</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road damage detection is essential for proactive road maintenance and the long-term sustainability of urban transportation infrastructure. Existing inspection methods, which rely on specialized equipment or frequent surveys, are often inefficient and costly, especially for large-scale urban road networks. To address these limitations, this paper proposes an Efficient Feature Aggregation Network (EFANet) for urban road damage detection using street-view images. EFANet is specifically designed to cope with the challenges posed by street-view road damage detection, including the small-scale appearance, weak texture representation, and complex background interference. To this end, a cascaded dilation space pyramid module is proposed to enhance multi-scale feature extraction by progressively expanding the receptive field. In addition, a cross-layer feature interaction attention module is introduced to model semantic discrepancies between multi-level and multi-scale features, promoting cross-scale feature fusion and contextual information exchange. Furthermore, an auxiliary feature enhancement branch is designed to incorporate edge and texture information from low-level features into the prediction pathway, which improves the sensitivity toward fine-grained and small-scale damage patterns. Experiments conducted on two public street-view road damage datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and generalization capability of EFANet. On the SVRDD dataset, EFANet achieves 71.7% mAP@50 and 45.4% mAP@50:95, while obtaining 63.8% mAP@50 and 35.4% mAP@50:95 on the USRDD dataset. Moreover, EFANet maintains real-time inference performance at 253.2 FPS with 11.87 M parameters and 39.4 GFLOPs, showing a favorable balance between accuracy and computational efficiency. Overall, by leveraging widely available street-view images, EFANet provides a scalable, cost-effective, and practical solution for intelligent road infrastructure monitoring and maintenance systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2026 17:08:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713623</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On assessing input congestion in container terminals</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713561</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Given the key role ports play in the trade and economic growth of countries, port managers are looking for novel ways to reduce inefficiencies and improve port performance. Input congestion (defined below) is one of the inefficiency factors in ports and calculating and identifying it is one of the most important keys to improving port performance. In this study, we are addressing input congestion via Data envelopment analysis (DEA). As a case study, the one-stage DEA model is used to calculate the efficiency scores and input congestion of Adriatic ports in the period 2020–2023. The model is proposed as a tool that container terminal managers can use dynamically to calculate and plan the optimal allocation of resources. Inputs include terminal area, length of quays, and two other inputs introduced in this study for the first time, namely the degree of connectivity and the level of terminal equipment. Financial and labor data were not available for all ports and were thus not included in the analysis. Output is represented by port throughput. In this paper, inefficiency and input congestion are assessed simultaneously. The results identify ports that are relatively inefficient compared to their competitors due to input congestion. The results are then compared with 12 Mediterranean ports to contextualize our findings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2026 17:08:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713561</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Port resilience: a systematic literature review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713560</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this study is to conduct a thorough analysis of the concept of port resilience, analysing organisational effects and technology contributions. The research utilises a multifaceted methodology, commencing with a Scopus search and a bibliographic co-occurrence analysis of authors’ keywords. A systematic literature review is subsequently undertaken utilising the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Content analysis is utilised to examine two distinct research questions concerning different facets of port resilience. The study finds a transition in port resilience emphasis from infrastructure to a more holistic strategy that includes organisational, technical, and environmental aspects. Essential elements that enhance port resilience comprise adaptive capacity, efficient governance, and stakeholder collaboration. The study emphasises the vital importance of technology in bolstering resilience, while simultaneously acknowledging inherent hazards, such as cybersecurity vulnerabilities, system failures, and increased technological dependencies. The research offers significant insights to port managers and policymakers in formulating robust resilience policies, such as multi-stakeholder governance, cybersecurity protocols, and climate adaptation measures. The work enhances our understanding of port resilience and its ties to broader supply chain dynamics, contributing to the expanding knowledge in maritime logistics and operations management. Key findings reveal that effective port resilience requires collaborative governance models with active stakeholder participation, integration of advanced technologies like digital twins and IoT systems, balanced against cybersecurity risks, and adaptive organisational structures that can shift between centralised and decentralised approaches based on crisis demands.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2026 17:08:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713560</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimizing multi-objective scheduling of port equipment using deep learning for automated container terminals</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713559</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Optimal scheduling and routing strategies of port equipment are essential so that terminal operators can improve operational efficiency by handling the growing volume of goods and reducing the costs and time associated with transferring goods. There have been many studies on optimizing a container terminal’s total makespan or minimizing energy consumption, but few on reducing equipment waiting time, which is a crucial factor in avoiding congestion at container interchange locations. The research addresses the integrated scheduling problem by proposing an artificial intelligence (AI)-driven framework that incorporates a multi-agent proximal policy optimization (MA-PPO) based deep reinforcement learning (DRL) scheme. A novel methodology is realized by a multi-objective optimization problem (MOP) for integrated scheduling operations of multiple equipment, such as automated guided vehicles (AGVs), quay cranes (QCs), and yard cranes (YCs) in automated container terminals (ACTs), aiming to minimize waiting times and the operational time of each equipment. Using a multi-agent simulation model, the paper has developed and tested scheduling and routing strategies under varying cargo volumes. Extensive simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in terms of solution quality and convergence speed. In particular, the ratio between the average operation time of AGVs and the average waiting time for port equipment remains consistent even as the amount of cargo handled increases, demonstrating the stability and robustness of the proposed approach. Finally, this study proposes an intelligent decision-support tool for terminal operators to enhance efficiency, safety, and productivity in a highly dynamic, competitive environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2026 17:08:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713559</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Estimating vessel waiting time using queuing models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713557</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the complex network of international trade, ports act as critical nodes facilitating the smooth movement of goods. The efficiency of port operations, particularly the estimation of vessel waiting times, has significant implications for various stakeholders. This study aims to improve vessel waiting time predictions, addressing critical gaps in port planning and investment decisions. This study scrutinizes the efficacy of advanced queuing models, specifically the Pointwise Stationary Approximation (PSA) and M/G/c\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$M/G/c$$\end{document} models, in accurately estimating vessel waiting times in port. The analysis, utilizing empirical data from the Port of Busan, reveals that the advanced models perform better than the conventional models. Our findings show that conventional models often misrepresent waiting times, with significant implications for capacity expansion programs, both in long-haul and intraregional terminals. Our improved approach can prevent overinvestment while ensuring adequate capacity, ultimately strengthening logistics competitiveness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2026 17:08:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713557</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Inside and outside the docks: exploring the costs, benefits, and impacts of port automation in the United States—a port of New York/New Jersey case study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713554</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the potential role of automation in alleviating port congestion and improving efficiency, focusing on a case study of the Port of New York and New Jersey (NY/NJ). Drawing on operational assumptions and financial modeling, the analysis quantifies potential cost savings for carriers from reduced berth times and for trucking fleets from shorter turn times, with aggregate annual benefits exceeding $29 million. When monetized, associated emissions reductions from slow steaming and decreased idling add further value, underscoring automation’s dual contribution to economic efficiency and environmental sustainability. Beyond direct cost and emissions impacts, the study situates automation within broader institutional and implementation challenges. Labor considerations, capital requirements, and integration with digital tools (e.g., appointment systems, yard management) are identified as critical factors shaping feasibility and adoption. While results reflect assumptions specific to NY/NJ and vessel classes serving U.S. East Coast trades, the analysis illustrates the order-of-magnitude potential for automation to enhance competitiveness and sustainability where congestion and scale create favorable conditions. The paper concludes that automation should be assessed not as a universal solution but as a context-specific lever of efficiency. For ports with limited physical expansion opportunities, it offers a strategic pathway to unlock capacity, reduce costs, and capture environmental benefits. Further research is warranted to refine comparative cost–benefit assessments across port contexts, quantify consumer and supply chain cost pass-through, evaluate labor transition programs, and examine automation’s role in long-term decarbonization strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2026 17:08:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713554</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prioritizing critical success factors for Port digital transformation: A CFPR-Based analysis from Vietnam</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713553</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study identifies and prioritizes critical success factors (CSFs) for digital transformation in port operations, using Hai Phong Port in Vietnam as a representative case from an emerging market context. Drawing upon Stakeholder Theory, Resource-Based View (RBV), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and Institutional Theory, the study develops a comprehensive framework that integrates both internal and external enablers of digital change. A two-stage methodology is employed: the Delphi method is used to achieve expert consensus on 14 CSFs, which are then prioritized using the Consistent Fuzzy Preference Relations (CFPR) method to ensure reliable weighting and reduce cognitive bias. Findings reveal that stakeholder support, particularly from customers and regulators, is the most influential driver, followed by organizational competence, technology acceptance, and environmental forces. The results underscore the significance of inter-organizational collaboration and internal readiness in facilitating successful digital transformation. This research contributes empirical evidence to a relatively underexplored field and offers actionable insights for policymakers and port managers aiming to accelerate digital adoption within transitional port systems..]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2026 17:08:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713553</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimised subgrade design for transport infrastructure: a Mechanistic-Economic approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712857</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents an integrated Mechanistic-Economic analysis for optimising transport infrastructure subgrades by combining a deterministic mechanical model with a data-based cost formulation. Mechanical behaviour is evaluated using a 3-D Boundary Element Method (BEM) based on a Green’s function for a semi-infinite multilayered system. Complementary subroutines analyse multiple sections formed by successive constructive lifts. The stiffness of compacted natural soils is adjusted via the Dormon & Metcalf criterion to capture the interaction with the underlying layers; conversely, stabilised soils are exempt from this rule and treated as engineered materials. The economic framework is developed through an inductive calibration process from data-based construction costs. The analysis comprises two complementary levels: a) global-scale sensitivity study simulating market variations; b) local-scale application using project–level scenarios. A systematic search is employed to map the Pareto front between vertical settlement and construction cost. The results identify optimal subgrade designs with different soil types and clarify the conditions under which each solution becomes favourable, supporting decision-making. This approach allows for regional cost updates without altering the mechanical core and is extendable to pavement structures, enabling integrated optimisation of both foundation and pavement layers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2026 17:08:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712857</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanistic and performance evaluation of a mesh-type elastic pad–ballast system under dynamic loading: Experimental and numerical investigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712922</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The conventional under-ballast mats (UBMs) primarily rely on material properties and lack structural optimization, resulting in limited vibration mitigation performance under complex loading conditions. To address these limitations, this study presents and systematically investigates an innovative honeycomb mesh-type elastic pad (MTEP) designed for vibration mitigate in ballasted track. Firstly, a detailed finite element (FE) model of the MTEP prototype was established to evaluate its internal stress behavior. The structural stability of the MTEP under high loads was further assessed through impact failure test of drop-weight. Subsequently, a large-scale discrete element method (DEM) model of the ballasted track was developed to simulate the nonlinear contact and frictional interaction between ballast particles. The reliability of the DEM model was validated through resistance tests. To further explore the dynamic performance of the track system with MTEP installation, a coupled vehicle-ballasted track dynamic model was constructed. Based on this model, the vibration transmission behavior of the track system was analyzed under various train speeds. Additionally, on-site measurements were carried out to validate the vibration mitigation effectiveness of the MTEP. The results indicate that the distinctive structural configuration of the MTEP improves internal stress distribution and effectively mitigates the vibration level of the track system. Notably, the most significant attenuation occurs at the ground, where a maximum vibration reduction of 12.88 dB is observed. These findings provide theoretical and experimental support for the structural optimization and engineering application of UBMs in railway systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2026 17:08:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712922</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multiphysics modeling of electrokinetic nanoparticle transport in soil media</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712920</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electrokinetic (EK) processes have emerged as effective techniques for transporting ions, water, and charged particles in porous media, with applications ranging from soil remediation to dewatering and stabilization. This study presents a coupled experimental and numerical investigation into the electrokinetic transport of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles for soil stabilization. Laboratory-scale tests were conducted using a custom-designed acrylic cell with nanoparticle injection ports near the externally inserted anode. A two-dimensional finite element model was developed in COMSOL Multiphysics™ to investigate the distribution and transport behavior of MgO nanoparticles within the soil under electrokinetic conditions, complemented by laboratory-scale experimental investigations. The model incorporated the modified Navier-Stokes, Nernst-Planck, and Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equations, assuming MgO nanoparticles behaved as charged colloidal particles transported primarily by electrophoresis and electroosmotic advection. Simulation results demonstrated directional nanoparticle migration of MgO nanoparticles toward the cathode under electrokinetic driving forces, while localized accumulation near the anode was associated with nanoparticle aggregation and gravitational settling within the injection region. Experimental CT imaging and soil samples confirmed the model predictions, revealing localized MgO nanoparticles aggregation and clustering concentrated near the injection holes. The study demonstrates that electrokinetic treatment enables controlled migration of MgO nanoparticles in soils and shows that the developed multiphysics model can reliably reproduce the experimentally observed transport behavior. These findings support the use of modeling as a tool for predicting nanoparticle distribution and improving treatment efficacy in soil systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2026 17:08:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712920</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of consolidation on the effective reinforcement zone in GDL-clay systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712913</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Geocomposite drainage layers (GDLs) are drainage-capable geosynthetics with promising applications in reinforced clayey fills for transportation embankments. This study investigates the effective reinforcement zone (ERZ) of GDL-reinforced excavated clay under different degrees of consolidation, namely 0%, 30%, 60%, and 90%, through large-scale stacked-ring pullout tests. The results show that consolidation substantially improves the mechanical response of the GDL-clay interface. When the degree of consolidation increased from 0% to 90%, the peak pullout force increased by 72.1%, the peak shear strength increased from 21.53 kPa to 37.04 kPa, and the residual strength increased from 15.98 kPa to 28.18 kPa, following a quadratic trend with diminishing marginal returns. Conversely, settlement decreased by 61.0%. Horizontal displacement exhibits nonlinear decay with depth, revealing the attenuation pattern of soil-reinforcement interaction. An analytical model based on Hertz contact mechanics quantifies the ERZ, showing that consolidation expands the effective reinforcement half-height from 532 mm to 741 mm. The results demonstrate that consolidation not only strengthens the GDL-clay interface but also extends the spatial extent of reinforcement effectiveness, providing a theoretical foundation for spacing design and efficiency optimization in GDL-reinforced clay structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2026 17:08:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712913</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamic response and residual bearing capacity of RC columns under the actions of steel corrosion, salt-freeze cycles and impact loading: An experimental study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713020</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reinforced concrete (RC) bridges in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China always face environmental actions (saline soil, freeze-thaw with low temperature, steel corrosion) and impact loading caused by rockfall. This study tested 13 RC columns under accelerated corrosion, low-temperature salt-freeze cycles (−40 °C to 20 °C), impact loading, and residual bearing capacity tests in sequence. Key parameters included reinforcement mass loss rates (2%, 4%, 6%), salt-freeze cycles (50, 100, 150), and salt types (5% NaCl, 5% Na₂SO₄, 5% NaCl +5% Na₂SO₄), in which the concrete damage, impact force, lateral displacement, and the post-impact residual performance are analyzed. Results indicate that low corrosion (∼2%) slightly influences the dynamic response (0.96% reduction in peak impact force) and the post-impact residual bearing capacity (2.83% decrease), while high corrosion (≥4%) causes cover cracking, in which the plastic deformation under impact increases and residual bearing capacity decreases by 12.93%. Salt-freeze cycles induce linear degradation, e.g., 150 cycles reduce concrete strength by 14.06%, leading to 12.16% decreases in displacement recovery capacity under impact and 14.79% decreases in residual bearing capacity. Meanwhile, corrosion combined with salt-freeze cycles leads to larger impact deformation and a greater reduction in residual bearing capacity than single actions. The decrements of peak impact force under the combined actions exceeds the sum of the decreases induced by the two individual actions (a “1 + 1 > 2” synergistic amplification effect), however, the increments of impact deformation and residual bearing capacity caused by the combined actions are less than the sum of the increases induced by the two individual actions (a “1 + 1 < 2” synergistic inhibition effect). This is attributed to corrosion-induced initial cracks amplifying subsequent salt-freeze damage while restricting ductile deformation under impact. In addition, degradation effect of salt types follows the order of NaCl + Na₂SO₄ > NaCl > Na₂SO₄, e.g., after 150 cycles, the residual bearing capacity decreases 16.03%, 14.79%, and 9.21% respectively, due to the synergistic effect of chloride salt freezing and the ettringite expansion caused by sulfate in the mixed salt, while NaCl mainly causes salt freezing and Na₂SO₄ forms ettringite to fill pores. Furthermore, based on the relationship between the capacity degradation and residual displacement, and combined with the performance degradation formulas of concrete and reinforcement under environmental actions, a model to assess the damage index of the RC columns under the environmental actions and impact loading is proposed and validated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2026 17:08:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713020</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Role of bedding angle in the anisotropic mechanical response of layered sandstone under monotonic and cyclic loading: implications for tunnels in layered rock masses</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712883</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Layered rock mass is widely encountered in tunnels and other underground structures, where bedding-induced anisotropy may significantly affect deformation accumulation, failure development, and support performance under monotonic and repeated disturbance. To investigate the anisotropic deformation behavior, energy evolution, and failure mechanisms of layered sandstone, uniaxial compression and cyclic loading tests were conducted on specimens with bedding angles ranging from 0° to 90°. The experimental results show that the peak strength exhibits a typical U-shaped relationship with bedding angle. Cyclic loading weakens the apparent strength anisotropy and enhances the pre-peak hardening effect. Irreversible plastic strain is identified as the dominant internal factor governing failure, and its evolution exhibits clear anisotropic characteristics. At high bedding angles 75° and 90°, lateral deformation, volumetric expansion, and irreversible plastic deformation become more pronounced. The strain energy components increase nonlinearly with cycle number, and damage energy accumulates most rapidly at β = 75°, indicating the strongest crack propagation and damage evolution at this bedding angle. The brittleness of layered sandstone first decreases and then increases with bedding angle, reaching a minimum at β = 75°. Three dominant failure modes are identified, including tensile-shear conjugate failure across bedding planes β = 0° − 30°, sliding shear failure along bedding planes β = 60° − 75°, and splitting failure at β = 90°, while β = 45°represents a transitional state. To describe the staged deformation behavior of layered sandstone, a segmented constitutive model based on statistical damage theory was further established by incorporating pore-compaction deformation and progressive damage evolution of the rock matrix skeleton. The Jaeger weak-plane model was used to interpret the bedding-angle dependence of compressive strength. These results provide useful insight into the bedding-angle-dependent deformation and failure of layered rock masses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2026 17:08:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712883</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A nonlinear creep damage model for deep buried schist considering water content-stress-time coupling effects</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712860</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In deep-buried water-rich soft rock tunnels, time-dependent deformation induced by long-term loading and water-induced deterioration poses a serious threat to the long-term stability of surrounding rock. This study aims to clarify the creep behavior of schist under different water content conditions and to establish a nonlinear creep damage model considering water–stress–time coupling effects. Stepped loading creep tests were performed to examine the creep response of schist at different water contents, focusing on the effects of hydro-mechanical coupling on creep characteristics. Based on damage mechanics, a water-content equivalent stress coefficient was introduced to characterize the equivalent weakening effect of water on the stress state, and water–stress and water–stress–time coupled damage variables were further established. These damage variables were incorporated into the classical Nishihara model to develop a nonlinear creep damage model for water-bearing schist. The proposed model can describe the complete creep process, including instantaneous deformation, decelerating creep, steady-state creep, and accelerated creep. The fitting results show good agreement between the theoretical and experimental curves, with determination coefficients R² all greater than 0.95. Parameter analysis further indicates that the Weibull shape parameter controls the nonlinear evolution of the coupled damage variable, while the elastic, viscoelastic, and viscosity parameters govern different stages of creep deformation. The proposed model provides a theoretical basis for predicting long-term deformation and evaluating the stability of deep-buried water-rich soft rock tunnels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2026 17:08:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712860</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigating the stability mechanism of cetyl quaternary ammonium salt emulsified asphalt: A combined approach of molecular dynamics simulation and experiment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2714132</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The stability of emulsified asphalt systems relies on the addition of emulsifiers to reduce the oil–water interfacial energy. This study investigates the effect of the molecular structure of five cetyl quaternary ammonium salt emulsifiers—CTAB, CTAC, EHDAB, HDBAC, and HPB—on emulsified asphalt stability using a combined approach of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and macroscopic experiments. At the microscopic scale, the emulsifier dosage (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) was varied to quantitatively assess the influence of molecular structure on stability. Macroscopically, emulsified asphalt samples with different emulsifier contents (2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, and 4%) were prepared and subjected to a series of tests, including conventional property evaluation, laser particle size analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The molecular dynamics simulation results reveal that the cetyl quaternary ammonium salt emulsifiers enhance stability primarily by modulating oil/water interfacial energy and tension through electrostatic interactions. The strength of these interactions is significantly influenced by the molecular structure, dosage, and type of counterions in the hydrophilic groups of the emulsifiers. Macroscopic characterization further confirmed that the modification processes involved in all five emulsified asphalts are physical in nature. At the optimum dosage of 4%, CTAB-modified emulsified asphalt exhibited superior storage stability and thermal stability. The findings of this study provide a theoretical foundation for the rational design and process optimization of emulsified asphalt formulations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2026 17:08:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2714132</guid>
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