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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>IMPROVING WINTER ROAD MANAGEMENT UNDER EURO-REGIONAL PROJECT VIKING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/487992</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Euro-regional VIKING project includes many winter road management issues especially in Finland, Sweden and Norway.  The Finnish VIKING concentrates on the forecasting of road surface conditions, road weather monitoring equipment and systems, and road weather information dissemination to road users.  An important task is also the efficient management of winter maintenance operations and maintenance fleet.  This paper introduces briefly some relevant projects.  Although several projects have been undertaken during the past few years, only recently have the first important results and experiences become available.  The next 2-3 years are critical as far as knowledge and experience accumulation is concerned, because after that a larger-scale implementation is bound to take place.  Therefore, VIKING plays a key role in the development of telematic systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 19 Aug 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/487992</guid>
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      <title>XTH PIARC INTERNATIONAL WINTER ROAD CONGRESS 16-19 MARCH 1998 IN LULEAA, SWEDEN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/668266</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Xth PIARC International Winter Road Congress was held 16-19 March 1998 in Luleaa, Sweden. The proceedings of the conference is published in English and French. For the papers published in English see ITRD E202708 to E202813.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/668266</guid>
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      <title>A WAY TO OPTIMISE WINTER MAINTENANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/668267</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increasing demands on the road administrators to become more efficient make it necessary to know more about the variations in winter conditions in different parts of a country and during different years. As winter road conditions can cause a lot of problems to the road users and society it is necessary to get a better knowledge about the effects of varying conditions. Contractors are used more and more for the management of winter maintenance which makes it important to have tools to buy the job, to pay for it and to check it. The old way to look at the "average" winter must be replaced by a way to look at the variations. Winter maintenance must be looked as a process and not as a project. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see ITRD E202707.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/668267</guid>
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      <title>THE DANISH EXPERIENCE OF TENDERING WINTER SERVICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/668268</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper an attempt is given to give an insight into the organisation and implementation of the winter service in Denmark. The paper will first set out a description of the organisation of the winter service management and warning systems, including the main differences between the Danish counties. Next will follow a description of the implementation of the winter service, using roughly the same categories as are used in Denmark to classify and invite tenders for the winter service: (1) Stockpiling and loading of salt; (2) Salting by lorry and tractor; (3) Snow clearing with lorry and tractor; (4) Other snow clearing; and (5) workshops and maintenance of winter service plant. For each of these topics, a short survey will be given of how the tasks are organised and tendered for in the different counties. Finally, a brief description of the joint tendering paradigms of the counties and the Road Directorate for the winter service and the future prospects for the service. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see ITRD E202707.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/668268</guid>
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      <title>ORGANISATION OF WINTER SERVICE ON NATIONAL ROAD NETWORK - WINTER TRAFFICABILITY PLAN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/668269</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In France, it is the central Roads Directorate that manages the national road network and sets the levels of service for the network it is responsible for on the basis of certain criteria. These requirements are codified in a Ministry Circular which sets the acceptable deterioration of driving conditions and the time for return to normal road conditions and the time for return to normal road conditions, based on the type of weather involved (falling snow, ice or drifting snow). Each of the county engineering departments responsible for applying the national Roads Directorate policy in their own local areas has an organisation enabling them to comply with the Circular. This organisation is embodied in a document entitled the Winter Trafficability Plan. A model is available to ensure consistency over the national network and help county authorities. This is the Practical Guidelines for Preparing Winter trafficability Plans. Besides standardising the layout of the plan, the guidelines are also a decision making tool for the county engineering department to design its winter trafficability organisation. The plan is also used by many other bodies involved in road management, such as regional councils and (in the near future) motorway franchise operators. This will help promote consistent action among the different types of road networks under winter conditions. The paper describes the thinking behind the Practical Guidelines for Preparing Winter Trafficability Plans and the main content, and explains how the scheme has been implemented on an operational basis. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see ITRD E202707.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/668269</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF BV14, A NEW TWIN TRACK FIXED SLIP FRICTION TESTER FOR WINTER ROAD MAINTENANCE MONITORING IN SWEDEN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/668278</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Friction measurement on roads and airport runways has along tradition at the Swedish Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI). For routine measurements fixed slip friction testers with energy feedback from the test wheel to other wheels on the test vehicle wheels, the skiddometer principle has been used in Sweden and world-wide. For more than 20 years a light friction test trailer Skiddometer BV11 designed by VTI and the Saab Friction Tester based on the BV11 but with the test wheel integrated in the front wheel driven SAAB passenger car have been approved by the Swedish Road Administration and Swedish Airport Authorities. In 1994 VTI offered the Swedish Road Administration a new lightweight twin track skiddometer concept acting as a second liftable rear axle on a front wheel driven passenger car or van. The idea was accepted and the device was developed as part of a larger winter road maintenance monitoring project. At the 1995 TRB conference the first prototype was ready for a first presentation. During 1995 two more devices were built and extensive field testing took place. In the winter 1996 a large validation test was carried out with the three BV14 devices and a BV11 as reference vehicle. The test showed a high one to one correlation between the devices and the experience so far is promising also in terms of reliability and handy operation. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see ITRD no E202707.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/668278</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A PARTNERSHIP MODEL FOR PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS: A CONCEPT MAINTENANCE VEHICLE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/668279</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Advanced technology will greatly benefit snow and ice control operations. The DOTs of Iowa, Michigan, and Minnesota supported a project that defined vehicle and equipment requirements, developed and will evaluate prototype vehicles, and produce vehicles for fleet evaluation. The Center for Transportation Research and Education at Iowa State University is providing staff support. The vision shared by the consortium is to incorporate advance technology into the highway maintenance vehicle. The vision included the participation of private sector partners whose expertise, research background, and equipment donations are key contributions to success. In this model, vehicle requirements needed to be established first. It was important for the project managers to include the voice of the user, suggestions from the workers that utilise a maintenance vehicle in their jobs. The next step in the model was the development of the vehicle specifications as dictated by the vehicle requirements. The list of specifications was generated in an open forum meeting including all partners. A second generation prototype vehicle will be provided after the winter field experiences of 1997-1998 are evaluated. The next prototype will incorporate additional navigational technology to assist the vehicle operator. The prototype vehicle will be deployed during the winter months of 1997-1998. The technology systems integration was attached to the vehicle and then each of the separate technologies reports data to a common location. The data will be evaluated by the research team and incorporated into management reports to be utilised by each of the states. The data was selected based upon its potential to assist in snow and ice management decisions and in its ability to support the business plan of the consortium states. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see ITRD E202707.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/668279</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PERMISSIBLE THICKNESS OF SNOW LAYER ON ROADS AND NEW SNOW FENCE CONSTRUCTIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/668280</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Characteristics of the interaction between the car wheel and the road, on the surface of which there is layer of soft or packed snow, are considered. The order of determining a permissible thickness of soft snow layer accumulated on the road surface during intervals between the passes of snow clearing equipment is presented. An approach to the design of snow protection constructions based on the principle of an automatic change of gaps depending on the wind velocity during snow storms is described. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see ITRD E202707.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/668280</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WINTER MAINTENANCE - NEW CUTTING EDGE FOR SNOWPLOUGHS AND GRADERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/668281</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Norwegian Public Roads Administration uses a great number of cutting edges in the winter maintenance. It has been a goal to develop a new cutting edge more economic in use, useful in all weather conditions, with a low noise level and able to clean the tracks worn by studded tyres from slush. A combi-edge with steel plates and tungsten carbide casted in rubber has been developed in Norway and tested the last two winters. The results so far are very positive and promising. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see ITRD E202707.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/668281</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HEATING PLANT FOR THE ROADWAY OF THE AOSTA EST TOLL PLAZA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/668282</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The toll station at Aosta has 15 lanes with 11 toll cabs. The control of the toll traffic of this main European road junction requires the construction of a new important toll terminal. The A5 motorway as well as the Great Saint Bernard fast link are located inside the Alps, in a region with hard winters and therefore heavy risks of ice and snow falls. The consultant SINA of Milan planned on behalf of SAV a heating plant for the roadway of the toll plaza. This plant is on achievement and will allow getting a quite normal traffic flow even in case of heavy traffic and unfavourable meteorological conditions without calling in the snow-ploughs services which can hold up the traffic and on the salt solutions spreading which can damage the structures and sophisticated equipment of the toll barrier. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see ITRD E202707.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/668282</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONCEPTION, DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF AN ALL COMPOSITE SNOWPLOUGH FOR HIGHWAYS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/668283</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the development and application of composite materials used as primary load-bearing structural components for highway snowplough equipment. The main objective of this work was to design and develop a light weight composite snowplough with inherent damping characteristics to reduce the transmission of road surface vibration into the vehicle structure and to reduce power consumption. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see ITRD E202707.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/668283</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE WELS-WEATHER PREDICTION SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/488007</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The WELS-System is a PC-based, originally American weather prediction scheme, specifically designed for winter highway maintenance operations.  It is currently in real time operational use at a variety of US locations; in Austria it is being employed by the Viennse road maintenance service and by the aviation service.  The heart of the system is a graphical user interface (GUI), a user interactive, graphics based and easy to handle tool, consisting of a geographical information system (GIS) which allows the display of roads, rivers, lakes, state borders and various terrain characteristics (elevation, slope and azimuth).  Included are a number of manipulation facilities, e.g. the suppression of selected height intervals to visualize road segments located above a predicted snow level. The meteorological subsystem is utilized to display, overlapping the terrain information, the output of an independent numerical model, which delivers twice daily 24 hour predictions of surface temperature, moisture, wind and precipitation (rainfall amount and/or depth of new snow). Artifical intelligence-related techniques incorporated in the GUI permit to assimilate the forecast model's output to locally generated observations.  If at a certain time the current on-site temperature is for instance observed to be lower than predicted by the model, the forecast from that time till the end of the prediction period can be easily adjusted in order to be in agreement with the latest measurement.  Such a user intervention may automatically alter the form of the predicted precipitation from rain to snow or vice versa.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Aug 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/488007</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EXPRESSWAY TRAFFIC OPERATION IN THE WINTER SEASON</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/488010</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Japanese expressway systems which were already opened to traffic as of December 1996 accounts for approximately 6,000 kilometers overall.  Since 70% of the national land are mountainous areas, it is essential for traffic operation in the winter season to minimize adverse impact of snow and ice on vehicle traffic.  In this paper, traffic operation now employed in the following characteristics expressways will be introduced; (1) Meishin Expressway with higher traffic volume and (2) Kanetsu Expressway whichincludes the longest road tunnel in Japan.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/488010</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ROAD USER INFORMATION SERVICE IN NORWAY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/488011</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traffic problems in Norway are mostly related to the unpredictable weather conditions one experiences during winter. Many of the main routes cross mountain pases and other exposed areas, and in winter one can experience situations where many of these routes are closed at the same time due to bad weather.  In such situations, precise and correct road infrmation is of great importance in helping to avoid problems for both trade and private road users.  During the last 15 years, the Norwegian Public Roads Administration has developed a nation-wide road user information service based on close co-operation between maintenance bases, 5 regional road traffic centres and the national Road Information Centre in Oslo.  Road and traffic information is gathered in from the different maintnenace areas and is distributed via various radio channels, RDS-TA, teletext, the Internet and a nationa-wide telephone service.  In order that the Norwegian Public Roads Administration's apparatus for gathering and disseminating road and traffic ifnormation shall function, not only are good routines required for quality assurance within the organization, but also the establishment of food co-operation with a steadily increasing number of players on both the gathering and dissemination side.  One important challenge in the future will be to clarify the conditions for co-operation and responsibility between these players so that the needs of the road users are attended to in the best possible way.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/488011</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF SNOW BUILD-UP ON THE EFFICIENCY OF A PARAPET</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/488012</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Ministere des Transports du Quebec has implemented an experimental research project to examine the effect of snow build-up on the efficiency of a parapet.  Although it is well known that a build-up of snow or ice against a barier can make it easier for a errant vehicle to careen over it, there is limited understanding of this behaviour.  The project's primary goal, based on the Ministere's safety objectives, is to assess the risk of a vehicle overturning or jumping the barrier in snow conditions, ir order to optimize operations and reassess certain design criteria of parapets for winter conditions.  Based on the results obtained, a scale of degree of risk was established which factored in the characteristics of the snow build-up and the parapet.  Using this scale, we formulated recommendations regarding the criteria of parapet design and the possibility of modifying existing structures.  However, the results did not allow definition of a threshold level for snow removal that was completely free of risk.  However, using the scale of degree of risk will optimize the planning of snow removal operations to ensure highway safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/488012</guid>
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