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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>A Legal and Practical Overview of How Local Governments Can Help Protect the Safety of Manned Flight in the Vicinity of Airports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1552819</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The number of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) has been growing in recent years. There are currently more than twice as many registered UAS than manned aircraft. The increase in UAS raises safety concerns regarding collisions with manned aircraft, especially in the airspace around airports. Federal regulation has been lacking. The Federal Aviation Administration is evaluating safety solutions, but this will not solve the issues of regulation and enforcement of UAS. This article argues that state and local governments have the ability to regulate their usage in order to protect the safety of manned aircraft.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Oct 2018 11:28:49 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Has California's Tri-Partite Statutory Structure Aimed at the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Warming, Linking Air Quality, Transportation, and Sustainable Land Use Through Regional and Local Planning, Been Successful?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1552806</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article argues that the California state legislature’s tripartite statutory structure to reduce global warming and greenhouse gas emissions through regional and local planning has only been partially successful. The program was innovative but lacked appropriate regulation for consistency in planning and zoning according to the Transportation Planning and Sustainable Communities Strategy Act of 2008 (SCS). The program also failed to consider growth management strategies aimed toward prioritizing transportation corridors and walkable mixed-use neighborhood development. Additionally, the program did not provide for an adequate review of the SCS. The program achieved some success in requiring different agencies to coordinate emission reduction plans, but failed to provide methods for adoption and implementation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Oct 2018 11:28:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1552806</guid>
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      <title>The Connection Between Land Use and Transportation: The Oregon Experience</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1481539</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the United States, conflicts have often arisen due to lack of collaboration between land use planners and transportation engineers. These two groups have typically operated in separate parts of government agencies. However, in recent times, planners and engineers have come together to develop a mutually beneficial relationship. Over the last few decades, the state of Oregon has developed a symbiotic relationship between planning and transportation, so that standards and regulations for one take the other into consideration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Sep 2017 14:09:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1481539</guid>
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      <title>Public-Private Partnerships: An Innovative Solution for a Declining Infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1416013</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is often difficult to procure public funding for infrastructure in need of maintenance and improvement throughout the United States. The addition of private sector financing can help allow governments to afford infrastructure projects in the form of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). However, it is necessary to define and regulate PPPs in order to clarify the legal issues involved. The article examines current shortcomings in PPP regulation and offers recommendations for legislation regarding PPPs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2016 11:15:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1416013</guid>
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      <title>The Failure of America’s First City Plan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1357346</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article examines the first city plan in America, a nine-square grid in New Haven, Connecticut. The author argues that the grid was not effective. The squares of the grid were designed to be too large, and in 1784, the city began to subdivide them, a project which took sixty years to complete. The grid reduced the flexibility of New Haven’s infrastructure. The article compares the city planning that went on in New Haven due to the grid with the neighboring areas at the time, which featured a more incremental development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2015 13:45:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1357346</guid>
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      <title>Regional Problem Solving in Action: Lessons from the Greater Bear Creek Valley RPS Process</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1324091</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Oregon State Legislature passed a bill in 1996 to establish a number of pilot programs in the state that would carry out a collaborative regional problem solving (RPS) process. The pilot program that stood out the most was the Greater Bear Creek Valley RPS Process. It was highly ambitious and became successful when the Land Conservation and Development Commission (LCDC) issued an approval for the Greater Bear Creek Valley RPS Plan in 2013. The plan’s structure and dedicated personnel likely contributed to its success, indicating that similar techniques may help other regional planning efforts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Sep 2014 09:01:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1324091</guid>
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      <title>NIMBYs, Stakeholders, and Legitimate Expectations—A View of 40 Years of Changes in Oregon’s Land Use Regulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1318477</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Land Conservation and Development Commission (LCDC) was created as part of Oregon’s Land Use Charter forty years ago. The charter has changed and evolved since its adoption. This article looks at how and whether it will continue to meet needs for development in the future. It is often difficult to change an established system. The author evaluates Oregon’s changing needs and the role of government in land use planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 2014 10:50:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1318477</guid>
    </item>
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      <title>Appeal Tribunals in Land Use Planning: Look-Alikes or Different Species? A Comparative Analysis of Oregon, England and Israel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1318476</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There has been little study of appeal tribunals in planning-related land use conflicts. This article compares appeal tribunals in Oregon, England, and Israel, looking at the ways in which institutions are involved in the development of policies. It was found that there is a wide variety in terms of the model of adjudication and in terms of the powers and responsibilities vested in the tribunals. Planning systems and related appeal systems are complex in all three of the examined locations. The comparison of models of adjudication and appeal tribunals discussed in this article provide a basis for comparing approaches to resolving panning conflicts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 2014 10:50:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1318476</guid>
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      <title>The Tragedy of the Unmet Demand for Walking and Biking</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1285663</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Concerns about climate change and fuel prices have led to an increased interest in walking and biking. At present, walking and biking make up only a small share of trips taken overall, though the shares of trips taken by foot or bike for work or errands increased significantly between 1995 and 2009. This study shows that a little less than a quarter of American households believe that it is important for them to be able to walk or bike to work. However, only 5% of Americans actually do walk or bike to work, showing that there is a large number of potential cyclists or pedestrians who would bike or walk to work if they had the option.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jan 2014 09:40:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1285663</guid>
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      <title>Curbside Service: Community Land Use Catalysts to Neighborhood Flowering during Transit Installations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1279525</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While major transit projects are under construction, businesses along the route often fail, and many close permanently before the project is complete. Though a completed transit project often brings economic growth to the region, the period of time when construction is ongoing brings hardship to small businesses and the surrounding neighborhoods. It is necessary to minimize the chaos brought on by the construction and establish development standards for predictability and consistency in land use. Land use policy can aid business operators and local neighborhoods, allowing them to preserve economic vitality during this period. This paper offers suggestions that can help reduce curbside collateral damage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Dec 2013 07:47:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1279525</guid>
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      <title>Smart Growth: State Strategies in Managing Sprawl</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1279524</link>
      <description><![CDATA[States must involve themselves in land use planning in order to ensure the development of smart growth. The enforcement of smart growth policies can have an effect on sustainable growth management. Some states have established smart growth goals in their land use regulation, though few have implemented those plans with success. Those plans that have been successfully implemented have had such factors as strong implementation methods, public participation, an coordinated legislation. There is a need to reduce urban sprawl, and this paper looks at state involvement in the impact of land use planning on smart growth. In particular, Oregon is examined for its successful smart growth implementation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Dec 2013 10:37:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1279524</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Sleeping Giant: Community Benefit Agreements and Urban Development</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1261162</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Community benefit agreements (CBAs) are private contracts between developers and community coalitions that lay out the benefits that the community will receive from the development.   They primarily have been used in large-scale urban development projects such as airports and sports stadiums, but could also be used in smaller-scale projects.  This paper provides an overview of CBAs and how they have been used to shape development.   CBA advocacy groups, the negotiation process and land use regulations are discussed.  A survey on the nature and composition of community stakeholders negotiating CBAs with developers also is presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Sep 2013 09:43:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1261162</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Mass Market for Suburban Low-Density Development is Over</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1261156</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Changing demographics, higher energy prices and increasing market preference for non-motorized and public transportation may signal the end to traditional suburban low-density development.  This article discusses past and future trends in development.  The author identifies a large mismatch in housing supply between what the market delivered in the past and what it will need in 20 years.  The author is concerned that the inertia of planning and zoning designed to meet the needs of prior generations cannot be overcome to meet the needs of future generations, which may result in continued low-density sprawl.  The end result would be another housing market collapse by the 2020s.  Recommendations are provided for reshaping the suburbs to meet new market demands.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Sep 2013 09:43:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1261156</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CO2 and Regulation Authority: The Legal and Policy Implications of California's Proposed Cap-and-Trade Program and Clean Air Act National Ambient Air Quality Greenhouse Gas Regulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1217361</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to facilitate reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions statewide, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) proposed a cap-and-trade program in late 2009.  However, constitutional and feasibility issues may prevent the successful implementation of the program.  In this paper, the legal and policy considerations of GHG regulations are discussed, highlighting the CARB proposed program and the federal Clean Air Act National Ambient Air Quality Standards.  The author concludes that the federal government rather the state should be the regulator of GHG emissions.  However, the current Clear Air Act has too many deficiencies to be a sufficient regulatory mechanism, and new legislation is needed that does provide this mechanism.  The current Clean Air Act does specifically delegate to the state the ability to implement pollution reduction measures, such as California’s proposed cap-and-trade program.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Oct 2012 09:12:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1217361</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sprawl in Canada and the United States</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1143632</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sprawl has become a problem in many areas of the world.  In this paper, the author compares suburban sprawl in Canada with that of the United States in order to investigate how widespread sprawl is in both countries.  The author also examines if Canadian government policies, particularly zoning laws and transportation policies, encourage sprawl. The findings suggest that while sprawl is a feature in both countries, sprawl is less widespread in Canada than the United States. Canadian central cities have not declined to the same extent as American central cities, and urban and suburban Canadians are less automobile-dependent than Americans. However, Canada and the United States both have land use laws and government transportation policies that favor sprawl.  In both countries, highways facilitate suburban development.  Municipal zoning regulations often limit density and require landowners to build parking lots.  These regulations discourage walking and transit use while encouraging driving.  Canadian regulation may be more lenient than American regulation, which may allow for easier development of compact neighborhoods.  These findings suggest that sprawl is a by-product of public policy rather than the inevitable consequence of affluence.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Jul 2012 16:12:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1143632</guid>
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