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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>IMPLEMENTING CONSTRUCTION BY CONTRACT OR DAY LABOR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/166821</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This compendium is a product of a 3-year project to enhance rural transportation in developing countries by providing improved access to existing information on the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of low-volume roads.  The compendium is concerned with the mechanics of preparing for and carrying out contract or day labor construction projects.  The twelve texts that have been reprinted in the compendium in full or in excerpted portions are:   Construction by Contract and by Day Labor (Highway Research Board, 1943); A Cost Comparison Study of Force Account and Contract Construction on Five Secondary Projects in North Carolina (Highway Research Board, 1956); Preparation and Presentation of Project Documents (Indian Roads Congress, 1979); Section 100-General Provisions (Federal Highway Administration, 1969); Competitive Bidding and Award of Highway Construction Contracts (Transportation Research Board, 1978); Standard Specification for Road and Bridge Works (Ministry of Works and Supplies, Malawi, 1978); Field Supervisors' Duties and Responsibilities, Volume 1, Contract Roadworks (National Association of Australian State Road Authorities, 1975); Recommended Standards for the Responsibility, Authority, and Behavior of the Inspector (Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, June 1975); The Rural Access Roads Programme, Appropriate Technology in Kenya (International Labour Office, 1980); Optimum Working Time (Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, November 1977); Optimum Number of Crews (Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, June 1978); and Critical Path Scheduling: An Overview and a Practical Alternative (Civil Engineering, ASCE, July 1980).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Oct 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>SLOPES: ANALYSES AND STABILIZATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/165790</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This compendium is a product of a 3-year project to enhance rural transportation in developing countries by providing improved access to existing information on the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of low-volume roads.  The texts for the compendium were selected to present the basic principles of slope stabilization and to provide general approaches to the correction of the more common slope stabilization problems.  Three types of slopes are considered:  natural slopes, cut slopes, and fill slopes. The eight texts that have been reprinted in the compendium in full or in excerpted portions are:  Landslides:  Analysis and Control, Chapter 2, Slope Movement Types and Processes (Transportation Research Board, 1978); Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, Article 35, Stability of Slopes (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1967); Chart Solutions for Analysis of Earth Slopes (Highway Research Board, 1971); Transportation Engineering Handbook, Slope Design Guide (U.S. Forest Service, 1973); Determining Corrective Action for Highway Landslide Problems (Highway Research Board, 1955); Handbook on Landslide Analysis and Correction (Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi, 1966); Construction of Embankments (Highway Research Board, 1971); and Locating Ground Water for Design of Subsurface Drainage in Roadways and Embankments (Tennessee Highway Conference, University of Tennessee, 1963).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Apr 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/165790</guid>
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      <title>TRAINING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/165791</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This compendium is a product of a 3-year project to enhance rural transportation in developing countries by providing improved access to existing information on the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of low-volume roads.  The compendium discusses three formal training approaches: training centers; training production units; and decentralized training.  Also discussed are the requirements for successful training, the development of a training program, and determining the efficiency of a training program.  The compendium draws heavily on maintenance training programs because the most recent developments have occurred in this area. However, the training techniques described are equally applicable to other areas of highway department activities.  The nine texts that have been reprinted in the compendium in full or in excerpted portions are:  Professional Training of Road Maintenance Personnel (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, 1977); Road Maintenance Training—The Work of a Specialist Organization (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, 1977); Principal Findings of Training Research (Michigan Management Seminar, 1978); Training Support (Direktorat Jenderal Bina Marga, Government of Indonesia, 1975); Methods Employed in Conducting a Training Needs Study in a Maintenance Division of a State Highway Department (Highway Research Board, 1968); Managing Highway Maintenance in Virginia (Virginia Department of Highways, 1966); Handbook on Training for Road Departments (National Association of County Engineers, 1974); Trainer’s Guide (National Association of County Engineers, 1974); and Appraising Results Derived from a Maintenance Training Program (Highway Research Board, 1968).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Apr 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>ROAD AND TRAFFIC INVENTORIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/165792</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This compendium is a product of a 3-year project to enhance rural transportation in developing countries by providing improved access to existing information on the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of low-volume roads.  The compendium provides some information about the general highway planning process so that highway engineers and administrators may understand the role of inventories in the decision-making process. However, most of this compendium addresses the actual procedure of collecting and recording road and traffic inventory data. The six texts that have been reprinted in the compendium in full or in excerpted portions are:  Maintaining and Using a Rural Road Inventory (University of California, 1957); Guide for a Road Inventory Manual of Instructions (Federal Highway Administration, 1974); Guidelines for Traffic Counts on County Roads (Purdue University, 1962); Outline of the Highway Transportation Planning Process (Federal Highway Administration,1976); Guide for Manual of Instructions for Road Inventory (Federal Highway Administration, 1976); and Guide for Manual of Instructions for Traffic Surveys (Federal Highway Administration, 1976).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Apr 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>SURFACE TREATMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/160016</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This compendium is a product of a 3-year project to enhance rural transportation in developing countries by providing improved access to existing information on the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of low-volume roads.  The compendium describes the materials that can be used for surface treatments, the equipment used for the various types of surface treatments, the currently accepted method of designing surface treatments, and the construction techniques used to construct and maintain surface treatments.  Several types of surface treatment are considered: (a) temporary surface treatments used either on class 1 or class 2 roads to control dust and retard the formation of corrugations, (b) asphaltic-sprayed membranes (prime coats) to protect stabilized soil, and (c) chip-seal surface treatments that provide relatively permanent wearing surfaces for higher traffic volumes.The nine texts that have been reprinted in the compendium in full or in excerpted portions are: Dust-Laying on Unsurfaced Earth and Gravel Roads (Road Research Laboratory, U.K., 1971); Guide on Prime Coats, Tack Coats, and Temporary Surfacing for the Protection of Bases (National Institute for Road Research, South Africa, 1970); Specifications for Performance Requirements for Mechanical Sprayers of Bituminous Material (National Association of Australian State Road Authorities, 1969); Asphalt Surface Treatments and Asphalt Penetration Macadam (The Asphalt Institute, 1975); Specifications for Asphalt Cements and Liquid Asphalts (The Asphalt Institute, 1964); A Basic Asphalt Emulsion Manual (The Asphalt Institute, 1979); Seven Fundamentals for Durable Spraybar Work--Jobs You Can Be Proud Of (Roads and Streets, August 1975); A General Method of Design of Seal Coats and Surface Treatments (Proceeding of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 1969); and Highway Maintenance Manual (Ministry of Public Works, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, 1972).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Jan 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/160016</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CHEMICAL SOIL STABILIZATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/154851</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This compendium assists those in developing countries concerned with chemical  soil stabilization by providing pertinent documentation which might otherwise not be readily obtainable on the topic.  The compendium deals with widely available products used for the stabilization of soils: lime, cement, and asphaltic or bituminous products.  Problems that must be solved successfully to construct a roadway are identified and solutions are offered.  The problems considered relate to: the identification of the soil or soils to be stabilized; the amount of stabilizing agent used; the proper application of the stabilizing agent; the proper mixing of the stabilizing agent and the soil; the proper use of water; and the compaction, curing and maintenance of the stabilized material.  The nine texts in the compendium that have been reprinted in full or in excerpted portions are:  Low Cost Roads; Design, Construction and Maintenance (UNESCO, 1971); Soil Stabilization: A Mission Oriented Approach (Highway Research Board, 1971); State of the Art: Lime Stabilization (Transportation Research Board, 1976); Field Studies on the Pulverization of Black Cotton Soil for the Construction of Stabilized Soil Road Bases (Highway Research Board, 1970); Soil-Cement: A Material of Construction for Road and Airfield Pavements (Building and Road Research Institute, Ghana, 1967); Variation in Laboratory and Field Strengths of Soil Cement Mixtures (Transportation Research Board, 1976); Changes in the Characteristics of Cement-Stabilized Soils by Addition of Excess Compaction Moisture  (Highway Research Board, 1970); Bituminous Bases and Surfacing for Low-Cost Roads in the Tropics  (Transport and Road Research Laboratory,1977); and Performance Study of Asphalt Road Pavement With Bituminous-Stabilized-Sand Bases (Transportation Research Board, 1977).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/154851</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CONTROL OF EROSION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/154852</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This compendium is a product of a 3-year project to enhance rural transportation in developing countries by providing improved access to existing information on the planning, design, construction and maintenance of low-volume roads.  The compendium presents erosion-control methods that have been used under different conditions throughout the world. The texts in the compendium provide solutions to many of the problems associated with erosion control and also expand upon erosion problems particular to the tropics and to mountainous and desert terrain.  The 11 texts in the compendium that have been reprinted in full or in excerpted portions are:  Guidelines for Erosion and Sediment Control in Highway Construction (American Association of State Highway Officials, 1973); Principles of Highway Drainage and Erosion Control (Purdue University, 1962); Control of Erosion on Highways (PTRC, 1975); Protecting Steep Construction Slopes Against Water Erosion (Highway Research Board, 1967); The Use and Control of Vegetation on Roads and Airfields Overseas (Road Research Laboratory, U.K., 1961); Erosion-Proofing Drainage Channels (Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, March-April 1973); Suggestions for Temporary Erosion and Siltation Control Measures (U.S. Federal Highway Administration, 1973);  Impacts of High-Intensity Rainstorms on Low-Volume Roads and Adjacent Land (Transportation Research Board, 1975); Road Geotechnics in Hot Deserts (Journal of the Institution of Highway Engineers, October 1976); Observations on the Causes of Bridge Damage in Pennsylvania and New York Due to Hurricane Agnes (Highway Research Board, 1973); and Guide to Bridge Hydraulics (Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1973).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/154852</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>COMPACTION OF ROADWAY SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/154853</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This compendium is a product of a 3-year project to enhance rural transportation in developing countries by providing improved access to existing information on the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of low-volume roads.  The compendium discusses the concepts of compaction, the tests used to determine the amount of compaction required and then achieved, and the types of equipment used in the process.  The ten texts that have been reprinted in the compendium in full or in excerpted portions are: Significance of Quality Control (Canadian Good Roads Association, 1964); Compaction, Chapter Vll (McGraw-Hill Book Co., lnc., 1971); Soils Manual for the Design of Asphalt Pavement Structures (The Asphalt Institute, March 1978); Mechanical Durability of Lateritic Gravels from Southeast Asia; Suggested Tests and Test Standards for Highway Uses (Australian Road Research Board, 1970); Test Procedures for Evaluation of Tropical Soil Properties, Chapter 2 (U.S. Agency for International Development, 1975); Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing, Part II- Methods of Sampling and Testing (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, July 1978); The Constant Dry Weight Method-A No-Weighing Field Compaction Test (Ontario Department of Highways, 1968); Recommendations on Methods to Be Used For Testing Aggregates (Permanent International Association of Road Congresses; XVI World Road Congress, Vienna, 1979 draft); Hand-Feel Tests for Guiding the Compaction of Soils (University of ldaho, Boise, 1972); and Earth Compaction (McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., 1961).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/154853</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>DECISION METHODOLOGY FOR MAINTENANCE AND UPGRADING: COSTS, TRAFFIC, AND BENEFITS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/154854</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This compendium is a product of a 3-year project to enhance rural transportation in developing countries by providing improved access to existing information on the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of low-volume roads.  The compendium is concerned with the techniques used to determine the amount of maintenance effort that is most beneficial to a nation's entire economy. The use of an economic evaluation of maintenance activities not only determines the most cost-effective level of maintenance for each roadway but also indicates the proper timing of each upgrading activity. The nine texts that have been reprinted in the compendium in full or in excerpted portions are: The Economic Issues of Highway Maintenance (Permanent International Association of Road Congresses, 1979); Maintenance Costing Method for Low-Volume Roads (Highway Research Board, 1973); Main Road Maintenance Costs (Ministry of Public Works, Republic of Upper Volta, 1977); Evaluating the Economic Priority of Highway Maintenance (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 1977); Engineering Economics of the Maintenance of Earth and Gravel Roads (Transportation Research Board, 1979);  Effect of Simple Road Improvement Measures on Vehicle Operating Costs in the Eastern Caribbean (Transportation Research Board, 1979); Outline of a Generalized Road Roughness Index for Worldwide Use (Transportation Research Board, 1979); A Review of Rural Traffic-Counting Methods in Developing Countries (Transport and Road Research Laboratory, U.K., 1972); and The Sensitivity to Traffic Estimates of Road Planning in Developing Countries (Transport and Road Research Laboratory, U.K., 1973).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/154854</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ROAD GRAVELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/141468</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This compendium is a product of a 3-year project to enhance rural transportation in developing countries by providing improved access to existing information on the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of low-volume roads.  The blending of various sizes of gravel material into a well-graded dense mix is called mechanical or granular stabilization and is the subject of this compendium.  The nine texts in the compendium that have been reprinted in full or in excerpted portions are:  Low Cost Roads (Proceedings, Second Annual Virginia Highway Conference, 1948); Low Cost Roads: Design, Construction and Maintenance (UNESCO, 1971);  Location and Evaluation of Gravel Sources for Highway Use (Cornell University, 1956); Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects: FP-61 (U.S. Federal Highway Administration, 1968); Roadmaking Gravels and Soils in Central Africa (Road Research Laboratory, 1960); Lateritic Gravel Evaluation for Road Construction (Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, Proceedings, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1972); Laterite and Lateritic Soils and other Problem Soils of the Tropics, Volume II, Instruction Manual (U.S. Agency for International Development, 1975); Blading Aggregate Surfaces (National Association of County Engineers, 1974); and Crown on Soil-Aggregate Roads (Highway Research Board, 1965).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Nov 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/141468</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ROADSIDE DRAINAGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/141255</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This compendium provides those in developing countries concerned with the problem of roadside drainage with pertinent documentation which might otherwise not be readily obtainable.  The literature assembled herein will assist engineers in designing and constructing rural low-volume roads that have an average daily traffic flow of up to 400 vehicles.  The compendium includes information for  design engineers, construction engineers, and maintenance engineers. Major topics include design of roadside drainage channels, physical construction of roadside ditches and adjacent embankments, and routine maintenance of the drainage features of unsurfaced roads including roadside drainage channels.   The five texts in the compendium that have been reprinted in full or in excerpted portions are: Design of Roadside Drainage Channels (U.S. Federal Highway Administration, 1973 reprint); Design Charts for Open-Channel Flow (U.S. Federal Highway Administration, 1977 reprint); Handbook of Hydraulics (H.W. King, 1954); Grading Illustrated (Aveling-Barford Ltd., 1974); and Road Maintenance Practice (National Association of Australian State Road Authorities, 1975).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Sep 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/141255</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INVESTIGATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MATERIALS RESOURCES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/141256</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This compendium assists those in developing countries concerned with the classification and location of materials used in road construction by providing pertinent documentation which might otherwise not be readily obtainable on soils classification and engineering. The literature assembled herein examines the topic from two perspectives: that of a project inventory concerned with the exact location and development of materials to be used on a specific road construction project, as well as that of a general inventory of materials available throughout a large geographic area for use in the planning and evaluation of future highway locations.  The eight texts in the compendium that have been reprinted in full or in excerpted portions are:  A Review of Engineering Soil Classification Systems (Highway Research Board, 1967); The Engineering Significance of Soil Patterns (Highway Research Board, 1943); Maps for Construction Materials (Highway Research Board, 1950); Air Photo Interpretation (U.S. Agency for International Development, 1975); Techniques for the Interpretation of Remote Sensing Imagery for Highway Engineering Purposes (Transport and Road Research Laboratory, 1977); Terrain Evaluation for Civil Engineering Projects in South Africa (Australian Road Research Board, 1968); Development of Geophysical Methods of Subsurface Exploration in the Field of Highway Construction (Highway Research Board, 1950); and Pits and Quarries (U.S. Department of the Army, 1967).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Sep 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/141256</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>LOW-COST WATER CROSSINGS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/86163</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This compendium is a product of a 3-year project to enhance rural transportation in developing countries by providing improved access to existing information on the planning, design, construction and maintenance of low-volume roads.  The compendium concerns stream and river crossings. lt introduces many of the types of low-water crossings that are available and discusses the design, construction, and economic features of these crossings. Low-volume roads can be built with fords, dips, or submersible bridges. This reduces the initial investment. Later, they can be upgraded by construction of large culverts or bridges as warranted by the cost of delays. The compendium also reviews the general requirements for proper roadway drainage. lt includes the grading and shaping of the road so that falling water or water running down from higher ground will drain away with a minimum of damage.   The eight texts that have been reprinted in full or in excerpted portions are:  Handbook of Methods and Procedure for Low Cost Service Roads (Texas Highway Department, 1946); Use of Gabions for Low Water Crossings on Primitive or Secondary Forest Roads (U.S. Forest Service, 1973); Design and Construction of Low Water Dips, from Construction and Maintenance Bulletin No. 6 (Texas Highway Department 1951); Causeways or Submersible Bridges (Journal of the Indian Roads Congress, Vol. 16, No. 3, April 1952); FMS-34: Engineer Field Data, Chapter 5 and Section 1 of Chapter 7 (U.S. Department of the Army, 1976); The Bailey and Uniflote Handbook (Acrow Press, 1974); Opportunities for Cost Reduction in the Design of Transport Facilities for Developing Regions (Institute for Transportation and Traffic Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 1970); and Bridges, Viaducts and Ramps from the Handbook of Highway Engineering (Van Nostrand Reinhold  Company, 1975).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 26 May 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/86163</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>DRAINAGE AND GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN HIGHWAY LOCATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/85560</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This compendium is a product of a 3-year project to enhance rural transportation in developing countries by providing improved access to existing information on the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of low-volume roads.  The purpose of this compendium is to present information about drainage and geological considerations that will assist the location engineer to select the best route for a low-volume road. The identification of drainage considerations is treated in a general way, while the identification of geological considerations is treated in greater detail because most design-oriented highway engineers do not have much training in these problem areas. Basic information on soils is included, since soils problems are part of the geological considerations in highway location.  This compendium also considers the interpretation of drainage and geological features from aerial photographs. The 13 texts that have been reprinted in full or in excerpted potions are: Guidelines for Hydraulic Considerations in Highway Planning and Location (American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO),1973); Guidelines for Hydrology (AASHO, 1973); Subsurface Soils Exploration (National Association of County Engineers, 1972); Field Identification of Soils and Aggregates for County Roads (Purdue University Engineering Experiment Station, 1971); Design Manual: Soil Mechanics, Foundations and Earth Structures (US Department of Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks, 1971); The Identification of Rock Types (US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads, 1960); The Engineering Significance of Landforms (Highway Research Board Bulletin, 1947); Terrain Evaluation for Road Engineers in Developing Countries (Journal of the Institution of Highway Engineers, 1969); Landslide Investigations: A Field Handbook for Use in Highway Location and Design (US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads, 1961); Aerial Photographs and Their Applications (D. Appleton-Century Company, 1943); Aerial Photography (National Association of County Engineers, 1972); Drainage Pattern Significance in Airphoto Identification of Soils and Bedrocks (Highway Research Board Bulletin, 1950); and Landslides and Engineering Practice (Highway Research Board, 1958).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Apr 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/85560</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SMALL DRAINAGE STRUCTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/85795</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This compendium is a product of a 3-year project to enhance rural transportation in developing countries by providing improved access to existing information on the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of low-volume roads.  The compendium includes requirements for proper roadway drainage, solutions to general problems that are encountered in the design and construction of road drainage, and identification of major components that must be considered in the design of the total drainage system required for a road.  The eight texts that have been reprinted in full or in excerpted portions are:  Low Cost Roads; Design, Construction and Maintenance (UNESCO, 1971); Guidelines for the Hydraulic Design of Culverts (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 1975); Drainage Studies from Aerial Surveys (Photogrammetric Engineering, 1961); Hydraulic Charts for the Selection of Highway Culverts (U.S. Federal Highway Administration, 1965); Debris-Control Structures (U.S. Federal Highway Administration 1971); Practical Guidance for Design of Lined Channel Expansions at Culvert Outlets (U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, 1974); Corrugated Metal Pipe Culverts: Structural Design Criteria and Recommended Installation Practices (US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads, 1966); and Reinforced Concrete Pipe Culverts; Criteria for Structural Design and Installation (US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads, 1963).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Apr 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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