<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>A Freight Stop Purpose Model Using Enriched GPS Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2529658</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Truck tour data are important for understanding freight truck operations and their impacts on the economy, congestion, and sustainability. Tour data capture the movements of trucks as they travel from their depots to make various stops before returning to their depots. Understanding the purpose of these stops (pickup, delivery, rest, etc.) is an essential component of freight truck tour analysis. Evaluating stop purposes is especially critical to evaluate truck electrification, resilience, supply chains, truck parking, and other emerging topics. Many studies use truck GPS data to infer truck activity, but most analyze trips instead of tours. Also, GPS data generally don’t have stop purpose information. Consequently, truck tour data with stop purpose information are a major freight data gap. The authors address this gap by developing a process to infer both truck tours and stop purposes. The authors' main contribution is developing a behavioral model that allows analysts to infer stop purposes and tour patterns. To do so, they first fuse truck GPS data with geospatial data on businesses and interstates. They enrich the new dataset by manually labeling the estimated stop purposes. They use the enriched data to develop behavior models that predict the purpose of each stop. Analysts can apply the resulting model to predict stop purposes for other GPS data, thereby filling an important need in truck touring data development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Mar 2025 16:15:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2529658</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Virtual Assessment of Advanced Driving Assistance Messages for Safety of Pedestrian 1 Crossing: A Realistic Simulation Using Unreal Engine</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2413811</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In an era where road safety is of paramount importance, this study harnesses the advanced capabilities of the Unreal Engine, a game-based virtual reality platform, to investigate the influence of human-vehicle interface safety messages on drivers' attention behavior. Through a meticulously designed simulated driving environment, the attention allocation of 34 participants was analyzed using a multinomial logistic regression model. The focus was on three potential attention responses of drivers after receiving a safety alert message from their vehicles: monitoring surrounding vehicles, their own vehicle's dashboard, and the distance to pedestrians. The study's findings underscore significant determinants of attention allocation, including vehicle speed at the alert time, driver's age, and pedestrian crossing lane. These insights are invaluable for enhancing road safety measures, developing more effective pedestrian warning systems, and informing the design of future Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). The study emphasizes the potential effect of ADAS on driver’s attention, highlighting the importance of effective communication between vehicles and drivers. The utilization of the Unreal Engine adds a layer of realism to the investigation, offering a more nuanced understanding of driver behavior and attention allocation. Looking forward, the incorporation of eye-tracking tools and a deeper investigation into driver behavior changes in response to alert messages are proposed as promising future research directions. This study stands as a testament to the potential of virtual reality in advancing our understanding of driver behavior and attention, ultimately contributing to the development of safer roads for all users.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Aug 2024 14:41:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2413811</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Supply Gap in Public Transit Based on Differences in Travel Efficiency with Ride-hailing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389116</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public transit (PT) has long connected people to opportunities, but access to transit varies significantly across space. Unevenly distributed PT provision creates service gaps that impede travelers' trips. In the past, evaluations of PT systems mainly focused on internal analyses and lacked external reference indicators. This paper proposes constructing an evaluation framework for PT supply gap by introducing the travel efficiency difference between ride-hailing (RH) and PT as an external benchmark. Taking Xi'an City as the research object, the authors divided Traffic Analysis Zones（TAZs） through K-means clustering and multiple Thiessen Polygons and used the Independence weights-Topsis model for the identification of the supply gap. The results indicate significant differences in travel time between PT and RH. Through the evaluation of PT supply, it was found that the city’s eastern region experiences a supply gap in PT. This area exhibits higher travel time difference, walking distance, and number of interchanges compared to other parts of the city. Furthermore, the eastern region shows a pattern of high values surrounded by high values in terms of travel time differences, walking distances, and the number of interchanges. The spatial agglomeration of PT resources leads to the concentration of travel efficiency, resulting in a supply gap for PT in this area. The findings can help government agencies understand the PT supply situation and introduce appropriate measures for different situations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2024 15:13:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389116</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Approach for Optimizing Acceleration in Connected and Automated Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2388790</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vehicle automation technology has made significant progress, laying the groundwork for a future of fully automated vehicles. This paper delves into the operation of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). In prior work, the authors developed a controller that includes a tunable gain whose value significantly influences CAVs performance and, in particular, their acceleration. By varying this gain, the acceleration of CAVs is associated with different values depending on some initial conditions. Thus, the goal in this paper is to identify the optimal value of this gain in terms of acceleration for different sets of initial conditions. To this end, the authors formulate an optimization problem where the decision variable is the gain value, and the objective function includes the acceleration of the vehicles. The complexity of this problem prohibits real-time solutions. To address this challenge, the authors train a neural network to map different initial conditions to the optimal gain values efficiently. They showcase the proposed approach to deriving the optimal gains in a merging scenario with an on-ramp.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2024 10:53:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2388790</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Where comfort takes a backseat: Quantifying cyclists' discomfort in temporary bike lanes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2364621</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Infrastructure development often necessitates adjustments in traffic flow and the physical layout of transport systems. Temporary Bike Lanes (TBLs) ensure the cyclists' right-of-way, safety and comfort during these transitional phases. However, TBLs designed without proper planning could lead to user discomfort. The authors present the first results on the effect of several TBL- and cyclist- specific factors on the cyclists' discomfort, obtained by collecting data through a survey of over 400 cyclists in Sweden. The results of the binary logit model reveal that female cyclists experience higher discomfort than their male counterparts. E-bike riders report lower levels of perceived discomfort when compared to those riding conventional bikes. Additionally, encounters with other vulnerable road users travelling in the same direction tend to cause more discomfort for cyclists than encounters in the opposite direction. This study provides valuable insights for assessing TBL performance, considering encounters direction and gender heterogeneity, contributing to sustainable urban planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Apr 2024 09:28:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2364621</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterizing the Resilient Modulus of Swedish Subgrades for Pavement Design Purposes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2359249</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Determining resilient modulus (MR) for subgrades is crucial in advancing Mechanistic-Empirical (M-E) pavement design. This study models the responses of a poorly graded sand and two silty sands through Suction-controlled Repeated Load Triaxial tests (RLT), factoring in moisture content and equivalent suction levels based on Soil Water Retention Curves (SWRC). Using a predictive model, the authors calculate the subgrade’s MR for a typical pavement cross-section in Sweden, incorporating layer parameters for critical seasons and climatic zones defined by the Swedish Transport Administration (STA). Results highlight the materials' sensitivity to moisture-suction and their stress dependency. Notably, the predicted MR for silty sands exceeded STA-recommended values across seasons and climatic zones. The poorly graded sand aligns well when the coefficient of earth pressure at rest k0 equals 1, except under wet conditions, in such case STA-recommended values are optimistic. Comparisons with existing data support the findings, particularly for the silty sands. In summary, this research sheds light on three subgrades and offers a reproducible method to expand the database of subgrade materials. Furthermore, if offer insights for enhancing M-E pavement design, considering different climatic conditions and materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Mar 2024 15:40:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2359249</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ballast Return Rate Assessment for High-Output Ballast Cleaner Thanks to Image-Based Technology and Ballast Degradation Models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335366</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ballast is a high value railway track asset. Its expected lifespan is often expressed in years or cumulative tonnage. However, the high variability of its lifespan can often be related to its interaction with the other components of the superstructure (rail, sleeper etc.) on the one hand but also to the quality/stiffness of the subballast layers, which makes the remaining life expectancy assessment a very challenging task. Ballast fouling is often taken as a key indicator (along with age and geometry data) to schedule a ballast renewal. Modern renewal techniques (High Output Ballast Cleaner) allow in situ ballast re-use with built-in screening of fine elements. New ballast is used to top-up the layer and meet the thickness specification as per track renewal design. With an average total tonnage of 4t per linear meter of track, screening and re-using a fraction of existing ballast can impact significantly the economy and yield of the renewal works. In order to optimize the life cycle of existing ballast and the costs of renewal works (environmental, economic etc.), ballast return rate prediction is paramount. This paper presents an innovative ballast return rate method thanks to a non-destructive image based field methodology (pandoscope®). The images are processed to obtain the grain size distribution of existing ballast and are used to predict the ballast return rates. Case studies on high speed lines as well as conventional lines will illustrate this approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 15:54:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335366</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Understanding the Causes of Work Zone Crashes from the Color-Related Perspective: Indiana Crash Data Analysis Using Natural Language Processing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335363</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Color is a key factor impacting work zone safety. Existing studies explored the causes of work zone crashes without considering color-related factors or only discussed one or two color-related factors regarding single work zone elements based on small-scale experiments. To address the gaps, this study aims to explore the causes of work zone crashes by integrating the color-related factors and considering different work zone elements relying on the large-scale Indiana crash data and literature review. Natural Language Processing (NLP) approach was applied to extract the key information from crash data by generating top n-grams, correlation heatmaps, and network graphs. The findings were also compared with the causes of work zone crashes from the literature. By connecting NLP results with color-related factors from literature, three causes of work zone crashes from the color-related perspective were summarized: insufficient color contrast between work zone elements and the overall environment, poor visibility and brightness of color for work zone elements, and lack of changes in color for work zone elements in dangerous areas. Examples of work zone elements and dangerous areas in work zones were summarized based on NLP results. The study contributes to a new understanding of the causes of work zone crashes from the color-related perspective and provides color-related recommendations to help reduce work zone crashes in practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 15:54:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335363</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How Does Environmental and Road Factors Impact Automated Vehicle (SAE Level 2) Crash Results? A Network and Coupling Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335351</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, extensive on-road testing has been conducted to monitor the safety of automated vehicles (AVs) in real-world conditions. Environmental and road (ER) factors notably contribute to AV crashes. However, the effects of ER factors on AV crash events remain unclear due to the limited number of studies conducted in this area. This study aims to explore their influence mechanisms through investigating AV at SAE Level 2. First, empirical data from the Autonomous Vehicle Operation Incident Dataset (AVOID) were obtained to cleansing and processing, resulting in a refined dataset comprising 709 crashes. Five categories of ER factors were extracted, along with two types of crash results. Next, a combination of two-mode social network analysis and N-K model was employed to analyze the relationships and coupling interactions. The results indicate that: snow and traffic incident/work zone are exclusively associated with collisions involving fixed object and vehicle, respectively. Dark-lighted, rain and wet road surface have a stronger impact on crash results. Ten ER core factors and three core crash results were revealed, which the ER core risk factors includes rain, wet, dark-lighted and intersection. The risk associated with coupling modes involving rain and wet conditions is higher than that of other. The four high-risk combinations can be addressed through improvements in sensors, target recognition algorithms and the promotion of dedicated AV lanes. Finally, safety recommendations for AV based on ER factors were proposed based on the findings, which may be improved as AV safety guidelines and applied in high-level scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:17:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335351</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cone Penetration Test-Based Liquefaction Analysis of Northeast Arkansas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335349</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The presence of seismically active New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) and Mississippi Embayment (ME) in Northeast Arkansas (NEA) puts the region at a liquefaction hazard. In this study, Cone Penetration Test (CPT) data from 131 sites within the NEA are used for liquefaction vulnerability assessments using commercial software. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) is obtained from previous site-specific ground motion response analysis (SSGMRA) using the nearest neighbor method. The moment magnitude (MM) of a design earthquake of 7.6 and the worst condition of the groundwater table (GWT) depth of 1 m are taken in the liquefaction evaluation. The liquefaction potential indices shows the severity of liquefaction during sufficient earthquake triggering, depending on 20 m of surficial deposits. Graphical Information System (GIS) maps based on liquefaction potential indices illustrating geospatial variation of liquefaction have been generated. It is found that multiple counties (Craighead, Greene, and Poinsett) have very high liquefaction potentials, whereas soils in Lee County have a moderate chance to liquefy, and Mississippi and Crittenden Counties are relatively safer against liquefaction. The estimated large deformations in several locations in high liquefaction potential sites put multiple existing bridges inside the NEA at high risk. So, liquefaction consideration in bridge design and maintenance of vulnerable existing bridges maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ARDOT) is crucial to save life and property. The liquefaction results obtained from contour maps can be used for preliminary analysis but they should be further confirmed through field tests and additional analyses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:17:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335349</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyzing the relationship between built environment, road encroachment and road safety: a comparative study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335350</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In developing countries, road encroachment is an overlooked risk factor behind many road crashes. Existing literature has, therefore, evaluated the impact of encroachment on traffic characteristics. However, several crucial factors that influence encroachment and are influenced by it have not been thoroughly investigated yet. This study examines the reciprocal relationship between the built environment and different levels of encroachment from a road safety perspective. For that, 249 four-legged national and regional intersections of Bangladesh were selected as the study area. From those intersections, data on the intersections’ dimensions of permitted traffic movement, land use, road furniture, pedestrian facility, traffic control mechanisms, right-of-way, public transport, goods vehicle, and visibility were extracted and represented as factors of encroachment in a fishbone diagram. Next, a decision tree algorithm was employed to detect the most important clusters of these variables. Furthermore, multinomial probit model was produced to mathematically explain the relationship between the built environment and encroachment from a safety perspective. The findings revealed a strong association between highly encroached intersections and utility-based land use patterns. It also underscored that high encroachment due to illegally parked vehicles creates visibility obstruction and discontinuity in pedestrian movement. Pavements and shoulders having effective lane markings and traffic signs can minimize the encroachment level and therefore, ensure safe movements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:17:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335350</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lights, Colors, Action! The Importance of Consistent Perceptual Information on Service Vehicles for Safe Driving</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335347</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Previous research suggests that the colors of flashing lights and of vehicles and their markings provide important perceptual information to drivers about the type and nature of roadway situations involving front line service workers. Building upon that research, participants completed an online survey with video clips containing pairs of scale-model vehicles having different combinations of paint and marking colors, flashing light colors, and flashing modes. In a forced choice paradigm, participants judged which vehicle in the pair was more likely to be responding to an emergency situation such as a fire. The results of the study indicate that the color of flashing lights was the most important predictor of whether a service vehicle was seen as responding to an emergency (red) or not (yellow). Response consistency was substantially greater if the vehicle color was the same as that of the flashing lights. Slightly greater response consistency was found when the flashing mode (e.g., brighter and faster flashing lights) reinforced the color (red) of the emergency vehicle and its flashing lights. While field validation of these findings is necessary, the results suggest that consistency in observer judgments about roadway situations involving front line service workers is maximized when the perceptual information on a service vehicle is consistent.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:17:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335347</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>High-Precision Ship-Loader-Shore Collaborative Localization in Bulk Carrier Cargo Hold Clearing Scene</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335348</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cargo hold clearing of bulk carriers is an important operation process in the port, but the above processes are usually manual operations limited by the complex environment inside and outside the cabin, such as the hatch blocking the view and the dusty cargo hold, etc., resulting in insufficient intelligence and low efficiency and high risk in the clearing process. For this reason, this paper presents a ship-loader-shore collaborative localization (SLS-CL) system to lay the foundation for the autonomous operation of the clearing machine, which provides a no-blind zone perception and high-precision collaborative localization in cargo hold clearing scene. Besides, to unify the localization of multiple coordinates accurately, a collaborative calibration method considering point cloud normal vectors and intensity values is proposed to obtain the precise positions of the garb and loader. Subsequently, an efficient 2D structure constrained collaborative localization method is proposed that employs an unscented Kalman filter, which improves the efficiency and accuracy of collaborative localization by constraining the position of the grab and loader to the fitted hatch plane in the SLS-CL system. Finally, experiments with the simulation and real-world scenarios are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:17:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335348</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lateral Acceleration: Research at a Large Radius Curve of a Diamond Interchange</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335346</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The previous studies conducted in interchanges ramps (Trakakis, Apostoleris & Psarianos, 2022 & 2023), were focused on lateral acceleration measurements either on small and medium radius ramps mainly (2022), or on ramps with an evenly distributed radius range from 50m to 300m (2023). They both concluded that the correlation of the lateral acceleration threshold values (that characterize the comfort, tolerance and safety of driver) with the radius of the ramp curve is necessary in order to evaluate the driving behavior in interchanges.The present research intends to complete the previous studies and to create an even more ultimate profile of driving behavior in interchange ramps. This is done by studying a large radius curve (500m). Also, aims to add to the previous studies a type of interchange that has not been studied in terms of vehicle dynamics on ramps, the diamond interchange. The main objective is to be examined whether the models established in earlier research, for ramp curves of smaller radius, respond to such a large radius value and to be properly modified according to the latest results. The resulting values will be compared with the threshold values derived from literature models and the guidelines manuals.The results showed that the established models respond very satisfactorily even to such a large curve radius. On the other hand, drivers perform quite differently at such a large curve radius, since no exceedances of the literature limit values were observed and the corresponding ones for the guidelines limit values were minimal.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:17:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335346</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Effects of Construction Phasing and Creep on Buried Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335311</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Buried bridges are an economical alternative to traditional beam-type bridges used for highways and other applications with spans up to and exceeding 100 ft. Typical analysis and design methods employ two-dimensional (2D) soil-structure interaction (SSI) finite element analysis (FEA) at critical cross-sections cut parallel to the span to capture the contribution of structural backfill to the overall system. However, three-dimensional (3D) analysis is required to account for the effect of loading on bridge segments when phased construction along the length is employed. The Chenango Street Bridge is a 60 ft span three-sided precast concrete arch buried bridge constructed in three phases, placed several months apart, in 2013 and 2014. For each phase, a length of the bridge was placed and backfilled, and a mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall was constructed parallel to the span at the phase end. In 2018, a dip in the roadway above the crown was discovered and cracks were observed on the underside of the precast concrete arch. In 2019, a LiDAR scan revealed downward deflections of 6 to 11 in. at the crown relative to the foundations. The physical and analytical investigation described herein details how these deflections can be attributed to 1) increased concrete stresses due to construction phasing, and 2) concrete mix and placement procedures that produced particular susceptibilities to creep.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:16:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2335311</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>