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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Comparison of the social cost of cargo bikes, electric and thermal commercial trucks for urban deliveries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314892</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road transport is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions on a global scale. In addition, in urban areas, other negative externalities must be considered, such as congestion, noise, etc. Freight transport is responsible for a significant part of these externalities which companies are not, today, financially charged. To address these issues, one solution is to operate the city in a more sustainable way. In this study, the authors compare the social cost (cost of ownership and environmental cost) of three technologies (Light Commercial Trucks – LCTs, electric LCTs and cargo bikes) in the case of Paris City. The main results indicate that it is worthwhile to use cargo bikes up to a certain point, the optimum being a mixed fleet. The originality of this study is that it is based on an operational database of one carrier's activities during two months in the Ile-de-France region.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2024 09:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314892</guid>
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      <title>IN2ZONE Research project towards the Next Generation of Railway Transition</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314893</link>
      <description><![CDATA[IN2ZONE is an EU Funded project of Shift2Rail under Innovation Programme 3. The aim is to develop a next generation transition zone solution which is able to self-correct issues such as hanging sleepers, thus offering a step-change reduction in maintenance requirements compared to existing solutions. Firstly, to create a proof-of-concept design, three- and two-dimensional discrete element sleeper-ballast models were developed. The results obtained from numerical simulations were then used to guide the manufacture of full-scale prototypes for full-scale lab testing. A single sleeper section of a ballasted track was built and tested. Displacement transducers, load cells, pressure cells and accelerometers were positioned to investigate the occurrence of hanging sleepers. The elastic and plastic deformations, stress distribution, and accelerations in the track were obtained.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2024 09:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314893</guid>
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      <title>Railway Auxiliary Power Supply System: A Modular Multilevel Converter Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314891</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When it comes to power railway systems, two main aspects must be considered: (i) the power of the propulsion of the train, which is responsible for the movement of the train; (ii) the power of the auxiliary services, which is responsible for the power inside the train for commodity and service of the passengers. As such, two different converters are used, namely the propulsion converter and the static converter, respectively. This paper proposes a new topology of a static converter, using a modular multilevel converter with high frequency output, with a high frequency transformer to reduce the size of the converter. The output of the converter is responsible for creating a stable single-phase voltage, with nominal values of 230 V - 50 Hz, from a highly variant input voltage available on the DC-link.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2024 09:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314891</guid>
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      <title>New onboard train integrity and train length determination: what are the safety requirements?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314889</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the European Train Control System level 3, using on-board control-command systems for the train integrity monitoring and length determination functionalities transfer the train operation safety responsibility from the infrastructure managers to the railway operators. To implement these safety-critical functions, quantitative and qualitative safety requirements shall be specified as stipulated in the railway safety European standards and regulations. These functions must fulfill safety integrity level SIL 4 requirements at the system level, independently from trackside infrastructure. The contribution of this paper consists in proposing a methodology to determine the safety targets of both functions in terms of Tolerable Hazard Rates (THR). The obtained THRs are then apportioned among the safety-related functions to specify the quantitative safety requirements for every functional part.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2024 09:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314889</guid>
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      <title>Performance analysis of CNN speed and power consumption among CPUs, GPUs and an FPGA for EU GDPR 2016/679 compliant automotive applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314890</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This work aims at using Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) to detect license plates and pedestrians in real-time with superior energy and speed performance than Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) and Central Processing Units (CPUs) based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Yolo V4 and PoseNet models are applied to personal data anonymization to comply with the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The models are analyzed through the mean Average Precision (mAP) and object keypoint similarity (OKS). Optimization is done by model pruning and improves the frame rate of the YOLO V4 algorithm from 35 FPS (GPU) to 195 FPS (FPGA), reducing the energy consumption by 50.8% (1.192 mJ/Frame) compared to the GPU with a slight accuracy loss. PoseNet has obtained a mean performance of 312 FPS against 145 FPS on the GPU and a 51.9% (1.104 mJ/Frame) reduction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2024 09:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314890</guid>
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      <title>Automatic analysis of railway ground penetrating radar: Using signal processing and machine learning approaches to assess railroad track substructure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314888</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Prior to track rehabilitation works on the French railway network, train-mounted ground penetrating radar (GPR) allows for fast and nondestructive data acquisition. Substructure condition evaluation is of paramount importance as it has an impact on the quality of the planned renewal works. The interpretation of GPR data remains a challenging and time-consuming task which requires expert intervention. This research seeks to enhance and automate the analysis of the GPR data using two different approaches. A signal processing approach based on entropy analysis determines the layer thicknesses, evaluates ballast fouling, and locates areas with water retention. Field comparisons showed concordances with the proposed method. The second approach relies on deep learning to detect mud pumping defects. It showed promising results for the detection of high intensity mud pumping.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2024 09:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314888</guid>
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      <title>Maneuvers optimization using V2X communications: merging and car following scenarios</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314887</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cooperative systems are seen as catalysts for autonomous driving and driver assistance systems. They provide accurate and comprehensive information on the environment that enables the driver and vehicle to make better decisions. In this paper, different strategies for traffic optimization are developed and compared in two scenarios: highway merging and car following. The effectiveness was simulated under several traffic flow values and the impact of the algorithm parameter has been assessed. Results show the potential of cooperative systems to optimize common maneuvers. This optimization can be introduced into assistance systems and cooperative autonomous driving to improve traffic safety and efficiency. In addition, centralized information management would allow even greater benefits and the management of more complex environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2024 09:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314887</guid>
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      <title>Acceptance of Automated Vehicles: Case Study of Drive2theFuture Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314885</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The transport sector has increased awareness regarding automated vehicles and their integration to reduce impacts by increasing efficiency. This paper aims to identify correlation parameters of acceptance by a pre-acceptance analysis questionnaire done by the Drive2theFuture project. To reach this, an acceptance interested questionnaire has considered determining the acceptance correlated parameters with also regression analysis and cross-cutting comparisons. The result of the study indicates a well-balanced connection with the users’ characteristics, in terms of knowledge, perception, education level, income, and privacy concerns, has a positive increase of acceptance with slight significance. Then, the correlation analysis shows acceptance is more related to education, risks, and previous knowledge of automated vehicles. So, training and interactions would increase acceptance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2024 09:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314885</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Cloud-based platform to enable autonomous container handling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314886</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Autonomous cargo handling can increase usage of the short sea in last-mile shipping which can reduce emissions and road traffic congestion. For commercial and logistical feasibility of autonomous operations, a connected digital solution is required where all stakeholders participate throughout the cargo lifecycle. The connected digital solution solves the challenges around cargo data flow and information sharing. A cloud-based experimental platform is designed and developed that provides cargo information management and sharing for autonomous container handling. The platform essentially enables autonomous operations and improves the efficiency of cargo flow from the origin to the destination, while keeping all stakeholders, actors, and systems in the loop.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2024 09:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314886</guid>
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      <title>An ITS-G5 V2X solution in C-ROADS Portugal"</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314884</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The C-ROADS Portugal initiative created the perfect breeding ground for Portugal to shift from a nation of intelligent but unconnected roads to a Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) nation A-to-Be coordinated C-ROADS Portugal Pilot #2 and supported Brisa's massive deployment in Pilot #3. This participation was leveraged by over a decade of experience with Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X).This paper presents A-to-Be's solution architecture, its evolution and motivation for pursuing it over emerging commercial implementations. It summarizes the C-ROADS Portugal trials where A-to-Be participated, results, and the deployment of C-ITS services in more than 486 km, 44% of Brisa's core motorway network. The final remarks focus on the road user perspective, limitations and requirements for future massive adoption and on the most recent efforts, made possible by having A-to-Be's V2X technology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2024 09:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314884</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Cold recycled asphalt for pavements with optimized resource and energy efficiency: proposal for harmonized mix and pavement design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314883</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The analysis of national specification documents on mix design for cold recycled materials (CRM) resulted in the proposal of a 7-step approach for optimizing the mixture composition. This procedure contains recommendations for sampling (1) and assessment (2) of reclaimed asphalt, design of the mix granulate grading (3) by adding fine natural aggregates, assessment of the water content (4), selection of bitumen emulsion and additional mineral binders (5), preparation of CRM mix and compaction and curing of specimens (6) and finally the prove of void content, strength and water sensitivity (7). For 17 existing flexible pavements with CRM base layers throughout Europe, a common pavement design strategy could be observed resulting in a durability similar to expectations on usual flexible pavements composed of hot-mix asphalt (HMA). A simplistic pavement design procedure is proposed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2024 09:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314883</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Detection of road vehicles at a railway level crossing by means of optical fiber distributed sensor</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314881</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The exploit of distributed optical fiber sensor technology for vibration source detection in a railway environment using standard telecommunication cables is a new area of research with great potential. In this work, the detection of vehicles passing at a railway level crossing in the south of France is investigated by analyzing optical signals from an optical fiber sensor system. The results show high reliability and accuracy in detecting vehicles along with their direction at the level crossing. There is a correlation indicating a possible linearity between the vehicle's weight and the signal, the authors even were able to visually classify vehicles into three different categories according to their weight. These results are promising and opening the way for further work on automation and real-time analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2024 09:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314881</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>How many lives could be saved if everyone complied with the speed limit? – A case study from Sweden</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314882</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Increased speed compliance and reduced speeds are important factors in achieving increased traffic safety since it affects both the number of crashes and the injury severity. Lower speeds reduce the reaction distance leading to greater opportunities to avoid a crash, to reduced impact forces and to less severe injuries in the crash. The aim of this study is to investigate how many lives that could be saved if all drivers complied with the speed limit on the Swedish road network. The study is based on results from extensive speed measurements done on the rural and urban road network in Sweden and crash statistics from the crash data base Strada (Swedish Traffic Data Acquisition). To estimate the traffic safety effects the Exponential model is used. The results show that if everyone kept the speed limit in Sweden, about 50 lives could be saved yearly representing 25 % of all fatalities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2024 09:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314882</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>HD Mapping supporting Autonomous Driving with Cross-border 5G</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314880</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper is focused on A-to-Be's contributions to the 5G-MOBIX Project. 5G-MOBIX provides a proving ground for the application of 5G technology to demanding Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and Connected Automated Vehicles (CAV) / Cooperative Connect Automated Mobility (CCAM) use cases that cannot be supported by previous communication technologies such as 4G/LTE. A-to-Be is contributing with sensor data processing to produce live High Definition (HD) Map updates in a 5G-MOBIX trial in the Spanish-Portuguese border. This trial tests the 5G network with connected and automated vehicles using a cloud produced and updated HD Map. This paper presents the 5G-MOBIX project, the HD Map portion of the trial in the Spanish-Portuguese border and explores the sensor data processing technical solution that produces updates to the HD Map.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2024 09:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314880</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Robust sensors enabling condition-based maintenance of lubricated components in locomotives and wagons</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314878</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Digitalization in mobility is considered the key to success to increase efficiency, reliability and safety in rail transport, both track and rolling stock. “Big data” analytics are therefore implemented. In the European Joint Undertaking “Shift2Rail”, tremendous efforts are dedicated to condition-based maintenance (CBM). The task of AC2T research GmbH is to enable data collection, processing and evaluation by appropriate sensor systems for online health status monitoring of lubricated components in locomotives and wagons to increase safety and availability while reducing of maintenance costs and unplanned downtime. Special attention is paid to robustness of both sensor and algorithm to meet the high demands for reliability in rail transport. Suitable sensor systems were compiled for three use cases at locomotives and wagons by the field-to-lab approach and validated for use in CBM.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Apr 2024 08:37:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314878</guid>
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