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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Legal and Linguistic Nuances of Key Terminology in the STCW Convention: The Case of Montenegro</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703856</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this paper is to examine the use of specific terms in the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), one of the key conventions established by the International Maritime Organization. This interdisciplinary study highlights the importance of accurately understanding specialized terminology, which is essential for the effective implementation of the STCW Convention, particularly in the training and education of seafarers. Recognizing that legal texts reflect broader social, economic, legal, and political narratives (van Dijk, 2001, 2008; Fairclough, 2004), the paper uses Critical Discourse Analysis to explore how language reveals legal paradigms within the Montenegrin regulatory context. The findings show that the nuances of legal discourse extend beyond terminology; proper interpretation and implementation require a deeper understanding of social, cultural, and political factors. © 2026, Faculty of Maritime Studies. All rights reserved.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 2026 09:10:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703856</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Modelling the Effect of Bow Profile Variations on Naval Ship for Optimizing Resistance Using Computational Fluid Dynamics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703853</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study closely examines the intricate relationship between bow profiles and the hydrodynamic resistance experienced by naval vessels, employing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as a pivotal tool for analysis. The study examined three distinct bow configurations: no-axe, semi-axe, and fully-axe designs. The primary objective of this study was to ascertain which of these configurations most effectively minimizes hydrodynamics resistance, which is a critical factor in enhancing the performance and efficiency of naval ships. Through a series of detailed CFD simulations, the finding revealed that both the semi-axe and fully-axe designs significantly reduced resistance compared to the traditional no-axe bow design. The semi-axe design achieved an impressive average reduction of 9.17%, whereas the fully-axe configuration followed closely with a reduction of 7.64%. Interestingly, the semi-axe bow surpasses the fully-axe design in terms of resistance reduction and provided an additional advantage of 1.42%, underscoring its superior hydrodynamics performance compared to the fully-axe design. These results underscore the potential benefits of adopting innovative bow shapes in naval architecture, particularly regarding operational efficiency. The simulations further indicated that the alternative bow design contributed to a notable decrease in the wave height during the vessel’s interaction with water. By refining bow shapes, naval forces can enhance not only the speed and agility of their vessels but also their overall mission effectiveness, particularly in challenging maritime environments. The implications of this research extend beyond more performance metrics; they highlight the critical need for ongoing innovation in vessel design to meet the evolving challenges of maritime security and operational readiness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 2026 09:10:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703853</guid>
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      <title>Land Dominates the Sea: ASEAN and Legal Certainty in Maritime Boundary Disputes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703860</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The principle that “land dominates the sea” is the doctrinal cornerstone of international maritime boundary law, affirming that all maritime entitlements derive from lawful sovereignty over land territory under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS, 1982). This study re-examines the principle through a comparative analysis of four landmark cases; Ligitan and Sipadan (2002), Black Sea (2009), Colombia v. Nicaragua (2012), and the South China Sea Arbitration (2016), to assess how courts and tribunals have applied land-based entitlement and to identify gaps between judicial authority and state compliance. Using a normative-doctrinal approach, the paper traces the doctrinal sequence of title, entitlement, method, and compliance, revealing that while jurisprudence has strengthened legal certainty, enforcement remains undermined by power asymmetry and institutional fragmentation. To address this gap, the paper proposes targeted legal innovations, including an Implementing Agreement under UNCLOS Part XV, expanded advisory jurisdiction of ITLOS, and a binding ASEAN–China Code of Conduct (COC) to reinforce regional compliance and cooperation. The findings demonstrate that transforming the “land dominates the sea” doctrine into an operational rule of enforcement is essential for ensuring equity, predictability, and stability in contemporary maritime governance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 13:50:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703860</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Empowering Coastal Communities: A Strategic Framework for Volunteer Integration in Maritime Search and Rescue Operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703859</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The integration of volunteers into coastal Search and Rescue (SAR) operations in Croatia is analysed through a strategic framework aligned with established practices within the Norwegian SAR system. Although Croatia formally recognises volunteer involvement in its maritime legislation, the absence of practical structures—such as standardized training, formal protocols, and coordination mechanisms—limits effective participation. Building on successful elements from the Norwegian model, the proposed framework, adapted to Croatian conditions, is designed to strengthen SAR performance by improving response times, expanding coverage, and drawing on local knowledge. The study employs a qualitative comparative case study design structured around a cross-national analytical framework, providing an evidence-based analysis of the gap between legislative recognition and operational implementation of volunteer SAR integration. The findings identify the institutional conditions under which volunteer integration becomes operationally viable, and offer a transferable framework for coastal states facing similar challenges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 13:50:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703859</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelling, Simulation and Optimisation of Complex Systems in Maritime Transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703858</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maritime transport systems represent complex socio-technical environments characterised by strong interdependencies between technical, organisational, environmental, and human subsystems, as well as by pronounced uncertainty and dynamic behaviour. Traditional deterministic planning approaches are often insufficient to adequately capture such complexity or to support robust operational decision-making. This paper examines the modelling and optimisation of complex maritime transport systems by integrating network-based optimisation and stochastic modelling approaches. The methodological framework combines operational research techniques with simulation in order to represent maritime transportation as a directed time–space network with stochastic demand and time windows. Uncertainty related to operational disturbances, port congestion, and variable demand is explicitly incorporated into the optimisation process. A case-oriented application demonstrates how stochastic network-based optimisation can improve routing, scheduling, and recovery strategies compared to purely deterministic approaches. The results indicate that controlled flexibility in arrival times and routing decisions leads to improved operational performance, enhanced resilience, and better trade-offs between fuel consumption, service reliability, and recovery costs. The proposed framework serves as a decision-support tool for maritime operations, providing structured analytical support, while preserving the role of human judgment in safety-critical environments. By bridging systems theory, operational research, and applied maritime modelling, the study contributes to the development of robust decision-support approaches for complex and uncertain maritime transport systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 13:50:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703858</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Spatial Analysis of Microbiological Behavior in Sub-Tropical Coastal Wetlands</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703857</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the spatial interactions between microbiological indicators and environmental factors, including water flow characteristics, in the coastal wetlands of Chabahar Bay, Iran, to assess ecological risks and guide conservation strategies. The objectives are to quantify Total Coliforms (TCs) and Fecal Coliforms (FCs) at six sampling stations and identify key environmental drivers of microbial proliferation through qualitative analysis. Field sampling was conducted over three days in October 2018 at six stations along a river feeding Chabahar’s coastal wetland. Water samples were collected during low tide. In-situ measurements of temperature, pH, humidity, and electrical conductivity were recorded. Microbiological analyses quantified total and fecal coliforms using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) was measured using standard laboratory procedures, and Total Organic Matter (TOM) was determined by the loss-on-ignition method. Duplicate samples ensured data reliability, and data normality was tested with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Descriptive statistics, graphical methods, and matrix analysis assessed relationships between TCs, FCs, temperature, pH, EC, TOC, and TOM. TC counts peaked at S2 (1500 MPN/100 ml), exceeding Iranian Class 2 water quality standards (1500 MPN/100 ml), with FCs detected only at S2 (900 MPN/100 ml) and S3 (23 MPN/100 ml). Temperature ranged from 30.6°C (S6) to 35.9°C (S1), showing an inverse relationship with coliform levels. EC ranged from 1900 to 24,610 µS/cm, displaying a strong inverse correlation with TCs and FCs due to salinity-induced osmotic stress. TOC and TOM peaked at S3–S4 (TOC: 2.8–3.2%; TOM: 5.1–6.0%), correlating inversely with TCs and FCs, suggesting microbial competition. pH (7.71–8.06) showed no significant correlation with coliform levels. Matrix analysis confirmed a high correlation between total and fecal coliforms (p < 0.05), with temperature and pH as independent factors. Sewage inputs at S2 drive significant microbial contamination, with coarse sediments and optimal temperatures facilitating coliform proliferation, while high EC and organic matter in mangrove zones (S3–S4) reduce coliform levels through osmotic stress and microbial competition. Mangroves at S4–S5 act as effective biofilters, mitigating contamination. These findings underscore the need for targeted sewage control and mangrove conservation to protect Chabahar Bay’s wetlands from ecological risks. Future research should examine seasonal variations and additional pollutants to improve management strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 13:50:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703857</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ship Recycling in Indonesia: Analysis of Compliance with National Regulations and International Standards</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703855</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study employs a mixed-method approach, combining bibliometric mapping of sixty-two selected publications with a systematic qualitative analysis of twelve primary studies to analyse the implementation of ship recycling in Indonesia. It identifies critical gaps between national regulations and international standards, specifically the Hong Kong Convention (HKC). The findings reveal a fragmented regulatory landscape across environmental, maritime, and industrial sectors, resulting in a low average maturity level of 2.1 out of 4.0 among existing yards. The research highlights that only 16% of yards maintain adequate occupational health and safety (OHS) conditions, with hazardous practices, such as beaching and improper management of toxic metals (Pb, Hg, Cd), posing significant risks. With 20% of Indonesia’s 37,722-vessel fleet, now exceeding thirty years of age, the study projects an urgent demand for managing two million tons of LDT scrap. The results emphasise that the primary barrier is not the absence of law but weak enforcement and infrastructure deficiencies. The paper proposes a transition towards centralised Ship Recycling Facility (SRF) hubs in strategic zones like Bojonegara and Kamal and the adoption of a service-provider business model to enhance sustainability and ensure full alignment with global HKC standards.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 13:50:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703855</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Economic Potentials and Sustainability Challenges in Marine Resource Management in the Ionian and Adriatic Region: An Empirical Analysis of the Tourism, Fisheries, and Maritime Transport Sectors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703854</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study analysed the economic potentials and sustainability challenges in marine resource management across the Ionian and Adriatic region, focusing on the tourism, fisheries, and maritime transport sectors. The research used a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative economic analysis with sustainability assessment frameworks to examine the complex interrelationships between economic development and environmental conservation. Data from 2019 to 2024 were collected from international databases, regional reports, and field studies across eight countries bordering these seas. Results revealed significant economic dependence on marine resources, with tourism contributing 18 – 24% to coastal economies, fisheries supporting many livelihoods despite declining stocks, and maritime transport experiencing 7.3% annual growth. Identified sustainability challenges included tourism seasonality, overfishing, and transport-related pollution. Countries showed varying management effectiveness, with governance integration scores ranging from 0.34 to 0.81, directly correlating with both economic and environmental performance. Integrated coastal zone management achieved 34% better environmental outcomes while maintaining economic benefits. Maritime Spatial Planning emerged as the most effective integration tool, improving economic performance by 18.4% and environmental indicators by 23.6% compared to areas lacking such frameworks. Multi-sectoral cooperation initiatives reduced resource conflicts by 27%, highlighting the importance of stakeholder engagement. The research confirmed that balancing economic growth and environmental protection requires region-specific governance frameworks tailored to local conditions. These findings contribute to understanding the complexities of marine resource management in semi-enclosed seas by identifying governance mechanisms that effectively balance economic needs with ecological limits while reducing cross-sectoral conflicts in spatially constrained marine environments, informing stakeholder decisions toward sustainable blue economy development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 13:50:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703854</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Financial Performance of Fishing Cooperatives in the Republic of Croatia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698316</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fisheries are a strategic sector of the economy in the Republic of Croatia and an important driver of development, particularly in the Adriatic Croatia, with fishing cooperatives representing a significant business segment within it. A fishing cooperative is a specific type of cooperative whose primary activity is fishing, while the activities of its members include commercial fisheries, farming, and processing of fishery products, including their placement on the market. In accordance with specific regulations, fishing cooperatives in the Republic of Croatia must contribute to the ecologically sustainable exploitation and protection of marine biological resources and ecosystems, strengthen the competitiveness of producers in fisheries and aquaculture, improve market transparency by providing relevant information to consumers and ensuring product traceability, secure market stability through production planning and supplying consumers with quality and healthy food, improve skills, working conditions and occupational safety, encourage innovation aimed at the development of the blue economy, and foster both national and international cooperation. The aim of this study was to determine the financial performance and business stability of fishing cooperatives in the Republic of Croatia in the period from 2018-2023. A financial analysis was conducted on nine active fishing cooperatives over the analysed period. Financial performance was assessed using indicators of liquidity, activity, indebtedness, efficiency and profitability, while business stability was evaluated using the revised Altman Z-score model for privately held companies. The results of the financial analysis indicate relatively sound financial performance and business stability for the majority of fishing cooperatives throughout the analysed period. © 2026, Faculty of Maritime Studies. All rights reserved.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 09:10:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698316</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sustainable Development Performance of Maritime Companies Using the AHP-Topsis Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698315</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sustainable development has recently become a crucial concept, with numerous global efforts to promote it. The maritime transport sector, as a key participant in global commerce, bears significant responsibilities for sustainable development. However, this responsibility extends beyond a single dimension, such as economic sustainability. This study aims to select sustainable maritime transport performance criteria and rank them by their significance. Additionally, it seeks to determine which maritime transport company has performed better in terms of sustainable development over the years. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to weight the criteria, and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is applied to evaluate the sustainable development performance of maritime transport companies over time. Three main criteria and eleven sub-criteria were identified through the literature and weighted using AHP. The sustainable development performances of three maritime transport companies were then analyzed by year. The results indicate that the economic dimension is considered the most important in evaluating sustainable development performance, while the social dimension is viewed as the least important. These findings provide a comprehensive approach to understanding and evaluating sustainable development performance in the maritime transport sector.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 09:10:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698315</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Impact of Fluctuations in Global Energy Prices on Maritime Transportation: A Frequency-Based Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698314</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the volatility spillovers between oil prices (WTI, Brent, Dubai) and shipping indices (BDI, BCTI, BDTI) from January 02, 2015, to July 31, 2024. Using the methods of Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) and Baruník and Krehlík (2018), the volatility relationships between energy and shipping markets are analysed in directional and frequency terms. The findings show that oil prices have a strong volatility effect on shipping indices, which is particularly pronounced in the long run. The long-term impact of Brent oil prices on shipping indices suggests that shocks in energy markets can have lasting effects on global transportation costs. Moreover, global events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war, have further amplified the spillover of energy market volatility to shipping indices. The study results emphasise the need for firms operating in energy and shipping markets to develop stronger risk management strategies against volatility. Future research should examine the effects of larger data sets and macroeconomic factors on these relationships. © 2026, Faculty of Maritime Studies. All rights reserved.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 09:10:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698314</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Struggling in a Man’s World: Moderated and Mediation Model for Women to Stay in the Logistics Industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698313</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Technological advancements have transformed the nature of work, attracting more women to challenging industries such as the logistics industry. Despite this technological advancement and progress in promoting gender equality, achieving gender parity in this industry remains stagnant. Using the extended self-determination theory, this study explores new mediating and moderating variables to identify factors influencing female employee retention in the logistics industry in Malaysia. Based on a quantitative approach and purposive sampling, 278 responses were collected from women in the logistics industry through online surveys. Most direct hypotheses were supported, and significant mediation and moderation effects were found. In addition to contributing to the body of knowledge on women in logistics, the findings provide insights for managers by highlighting the importance of meaningful policies to ensure female employee retention in the logistics industry and support SDG 5 to promote equal gender opportunities. © 2026, Faculty of Maritime Studies. All rights reserved.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 09:10:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698313</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Foreign Ownership of Croatian Marinas: Promoting Corporate Social Responsibility or Limiting Development?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698312</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper explores the role and importance of Croatian marinas within the broader framework of nautical tourism, with a particular focus on the increasingly intensive takeover of marina infrastructure by foreign capital. The starting premise of the research is the understanding that marinas in Croatia represent far more than purely economic or profit-oriented entities; they are also significant drivers of local development and important stakeholders in the preservation of community identity through the implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices. Given the strategic national importance of the maritime domain as a public good, the question of ownership structure—domestic versus foreign— becomes a key determinant of long-term sustainability and the socio-economic contribution of marinas. The paper provides a comparative analysis of marinas under domestic and foreign ownership, evaluating them through several criteria: the level of cooperation with local self-government units, the strength of multiplier effects generated within the local economy, and the degree to which marinas support local cultural, social, and environmental values. Special emphasis is placed on understanding how ownership influences CSR policies and operational priorities. An in-depth analysis of Marina Punat and Marina Frapa, both in domestic ownership, reveals a high level of integration with local communities, manifested through continuous cooperation, support for local initiatives, participation in development planning, and investment in broader societal well-being. These marinas demonstrate how locally rooted ownership structures tend to foster long-term strategic thinking aligned with community needs. Conversely, the case of the foreign-owned Marina Kremik indicates significantly lower engagement in CSR activities. The research identifies a minimal degree of cooperation with local authorities and stakeholders and a predominant prioritization of short-term financial objectives. Although foreign capital contributes to infrastructural upgrades and improved service standards, these benefits appear to be limited, with potential long-term risks such as the erosion of local identity, reduced community involvement, and weakened sustainability of nautical tourism. The findings underline the need for a more balanced approach to concession policies and ownership structures in order to ensure that marinas continue to generate economic value while safeguarding local interests and contributing to sustainable development. © 2026, Faculty of Maritime Studies. All rights reserved.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 09:10:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698312</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Utilizing Both DDPG and DQN Algorithms for Path-Following Control in Autonomous Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698311</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Enhancing autonomous vehicles (AVs) can significantly improve the reliability and safety of transportation systems. To achieve full autonomy (SAE Level 5), AVs must handle complex and unpredictable traffic conditions. A critical aspect of automated driving is path-following, which ensures the vehicle accurately tracks a predefined trajectory. Traditional path-following techniques often rely on parameter tuning or rule-based systems, which may struggle in highly dynamic environments. Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a promising alternative by enabling control strategies to be learned through experience. This study investigates the performance of both Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) and Deep Q Network (DQN) algorithms in managing AV acceleration and steering for path-following. The results show that DDPG and DQN algorithms converge quickly, enabling stable and efficient trajectory tracking while ensuring smooth control inputs. These findings underscore the potential of hybrid DDPG and DQN algorithms in advancing autonomous driving technology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 09:10:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698311</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Intelligent Ship Engine Rooms: A Decade of Progress and Challenges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698310</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The dual pressures of rapid digitalization and increasingly stringent emissions regulations are accelerating the development of intelligent ship engine room technologies. This literature review (2014 – 2024) elucidates the current state, technological maturity, and research trends within this domain. Applying the PRISMA 2020 methodology, a pool of 410 publications sourced form Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was screened. The analysis distilled five dominant research domains: AI-based diagnostics and predictive maintenance, monitoring and automation, energy efficiency and hybrid propulsion, digital twins, and condition-monitoring frameworks. Findings indicate substantial progress in modelling, optimization, and machine learning applications. However, validation is predominantly confined to simulations or laboratory settings, lacking robust testing under real-world ship operating conditions. This underscores a persistent gap between theoretical development and practical implementation, suggesting a transitional maturity stage. The paper concludes by delineating key challenges and future research priorities essential for enabling the large-scale, real-world deployment of intelligent engine systems, thereby fostering safer and more sustainable maritime operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 09:10:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698310</guid>
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