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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>THE INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOPHARMACA ON THE APITUDE TO DRIVE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/26424</link>
      <description><![CDATA[19 Serial examinations on persons injured in accidents and hospitalized in 14 hospitals in 7 regions of Switzerland revealed that in more than 20% of these people alcohol (0.8% and above) plays a part. Driving experiments with 200 volunteer policemen of the Busel police corps showed that, with a probability of more than 99%, an alcohol concentration of 0.8% increase serious mistakes by more than 100%. From this fact is must be concluded that alcohol is the most frequently used and the most dangerous toxic substance which interferes with the driving aptitude. 2. The main danger of the psychopharmaca lies less in their direct effect than in their enhancing the effect of alcohol. Therefore, every patient for whom psychopharmaca are prescribed should be warned of the alcohol-potentiating effect of these drugs. 3. We have no exact statitics concerning the frequency of accidents under the effect of psychotropic substances. A Swiss and an extensive American study of people injured in traffic accidents allow one to suppose that psychopharmaca of medical importance in traffic play a part in 4 to 5% of these persons. 4. Hypnotics, sedatives and analgetics - especially because of their enhancing effect on alchol - can seriously interfere with a person's driving aptitude. Hypnotics, whether taken only in the morning hours or obusively in daytime are also dangerous because of their after-effects during the day (fatigue somnolence stupor and, in case of overdosage, ataxia). 5. Central stimulants - especially amphetamine and methamphetamine - are contraindicated when driving a vehicle, since, upon cessation of the stimulating effects, they may lead to menacing circulatory collapse and to unexpected sleepiness. In persons addicted to drugs of the amphetamine type, toxic psychosis with hallucinations and persecution mania occurring with the use of high doses can seriously reduce the driving aptitude. 6. Various psychopharmaca - particularly those with centrally sedating spectra - such as neuroleptics, antidepressives and tranquillzers as a rule have an adverse effect on the driving aptitude only at the start of the treatment.  In outpatients, these drugs should be prescribed in initially low doses with the principal dose to be given at night. It is advisable to prescribe the psychopharmaca to be taken in the beginning only before bedtime until a certain adaptation to the resulting symptoms of fatigue has taken place. The patients should be instructed not to drive before they know the individual mode of reaction and the side effects. 7. The package folders of psychopharmaca should point out the possible interference with the driving aptitude and above all the enhanced effect of alcohol. 8. Finally it should be stated that, strictly speaking, the psychopharmaca, with correct dosing and indication, by improving the mental disorders can improve and restore the driving aptitude in patients suffering from fear, depressive states and psychoses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Apr 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>THE INFLUENCE OF SEAT-BELTS AND HEAD-RESTS ON THE INJURIES OF CAR OCCUPANTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/26461</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The consequences resulting for the car occupants either with or without seat-belts after different collision patterns (head-on-, rear-, side impacts, etc.) are discussed. Seventy percent of all severly injured and 62% of the killed occupants were caused by head-on-impacts and ejection. Wearing a seat-belt is the best way to avoid injuries especially in these two situations.  It has also pointed to the importance of speed-limits because seat-belts protect in an optimal way only up to 55 km/h impact-velocity (against a wall, a tree or an identical car running at the same speed).  This explains that belts should be worn particularly within built-up areas.  At a rough estimation 350 occupants less shall be killed and 4000 less severely injured after the 1975 expected compulsory seat-belt wearing.  Besides well adjusted 3-point belts, correctly fixed head-rests are the most important safety devices for car occupants.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Apr 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/26461</guid>
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      <title>THE DETERMINATION OF THE DRIVING APTITUDE OF ELDERLY PEOPLE IN GOOD HEALTH</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/26462</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rate and the importance of accidents are particularly high with elderly drivers considering their participation in the circulation.  Periodic medical checkups are a necessity in the interest of this category of drivers.  The frequency of accidents is due, apart from purely medical reasons, to a slowing down and decreased efficacy of functions of perceptivo-motor integration.  An effective and just control of the driving aptitude of elderly people should be carried out, based on adequate and valid tests taking, however, into consideration the factor of experience on the road and the aging in each individual case.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Apr 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/26462</guid>
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      <title>CARDIAC PATIENT AND DRIVING ABILITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/26463</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cardiovascular disorder is, on the existing evidence, rarely a cause of road accidents resulting in injury to other road users.  A licence for motorcars can be issued on certain conditions on medical advice.  Patients should be discouraged from using a motorcycle or driving professionally.  In cases of recent myocardial infraction, frequent angina pectrois, severe, complicated or malignant hypertension, decompensated heart condition, aneurysm of heart or aorta, rhythm disturbances giving rise to syncope and acute myocarditis or endocarditis, a patient should not be allowed to drive a car.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Apr 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/26463</guid>
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