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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>THE UTILISATION OF PRODUCTS FROM THE FLUIDISED BED COMBUSTION OF COAL WASHERY WASTES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/174650</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The fluidised bed combustion (fbc) process has been developed to the stage that both coarse rejects and tailings from coal washeries may be successfully combusted in a fbc pilot plant. During the combustion process excess heat is produced, and the products from the process - spent rejects and primary and secondary cyclone fines - are reduced in volume compared to the input materials. Preliminary research into the properties of the spent rejects and cyclone fines has been undertaken within the department of civil engineering of the University of Wollongong. A continuing programme is being undertaken to investigate and evaluate the potential uses of the fbc products, including the use of the products in stabilised and unstabilised forms in road construction; in concrete mixes either as an aggregate or as a pozzolan; and as an embankment material. The potential uses of the combusted products are compared, where appropriate, with the uses of the unburnt materials (A).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Aug 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/174650</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CHLORIDE- FREE SET- ACCELERATING ADMIXTURE FOR CONCRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/174651</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development and potential application of a new type chloride-free set-accelerator for concrete (the Australian patent application no. Pe 3917) is discussed. The performance of a new set-accelerating admixture, under the trade name of "readyset", was compared with calcium chloride, calcium formate and triethanolamine, which, up to date, are known to be the most effective relatively to a specific field of application, commercially available set-accelerating admixture types, used in Australia. The properties investigated included the effect of admixtures on setting time with different types of Australian cements at cold (below 20 degrees C) and moderate (mid 20 degrees C) temperatures.  Of the hardened concrete properties, rate of strength gain, rate of shrinkage and the potential of steel corrosion in different concrete types were also evaluated. Cost-effectiveness of the new admixture was compared to calcium chloride, which is the most cost-effective set-accelerator known, except that the extent of calcium chloride use is limited in certain applications by its potential to increase the probability of steel corrosion. Finally, the possibility of using superplasticizing admixtures as a set-accelerator was investigated (a). (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/174651</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>STRENGTH AND FRACTURE PROPERTIES OF EPOXY-CEMENT COMPOSITES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/174652</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The strength and fracture properties of epoxy-resin modified cement mortar matrices and an epoxy resin modified cellulose-cement composite have been studied in this paper. In place of the conventional polymer impregnation technique the liquid epoxy resin emulsion is directly added to the cement mix during the fabrication process.  The amount of epoxy resin added to the cement mortar matrices varies from 5 per cent to 17 per cent by weight.  Compared with the control unmodified cement samples the experimental results show a 60 per cent and a 65 per cent increase in the tensile and bending strengths respectively.  The critical strain energy release rate also increases by a significant 85 per cent.  It appears that the enhancement of mechanical properties reaches a maximum at about 10 per cent epoxy content.  With the aid of SEM analysis it is suggested that the mechanism of strengthening is not due to void-filling but to the formation of a continuous epoxy phase within the cement matrix and/or the improvement of bond strength between the silica grains and cement.  However, only marginal improvements in strength and fracture resistance are obtained in cellulose-cement composites with 10 per cent epoxy addition.  Such improvements are primarily due to the enhanced properties of the epoxy modified cement matrices.  There is no concrete experimental evidence of an improved fibre-matrix bond as reported in other polymer impregnation fibre-cements. (Author/TRRL) abstract of the conference is IRRD no 254909.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/174652</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>APPLICATIONS OF THE MECHANO- LATTICE ANALYSIS IN MATERIALS ENGINEERING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/174653</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The reader is introduced to the mechano-lattice technique of analysing a loaded continuum.  It is a numerical method utilizing 24 rheological components in a cubic unit (element).  Two case studies are described - a cantilever sheet pile wall subjected to wave loadings, and a three layer pavement structure subject to a rolling load.  It is shown that residual stresses are induced in the materials when there is a plastic component of strain.  Furthermore, the stress field changes under repeated loading.  The technique can be extended to provide an analytical tool for predicting cumulative pore pressures in soils supporting a marine structure. The elastic-plastic analysis of the pavement structure extends the existing linear elastic analysis.  It provides a rational basis for improving present day pavement design methods by including plastic as well as plastic strain components.  It is shown the relative elastic strain behaviour of the individual layers strongly influences the performance of a pavement, and this explains the observed behaviour of many pavements. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/174653</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE PROTECTION AND REJUVENATION OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/174654</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is generally accepted that the cost of maintenance of bituminous pavements is outstripping the income for that purpose and that it is necessary to develop new strategies for the maintenance and rehabilitation of these pavements. In this paper the mode and mechanism of distress in the low traffic situation are discussed and it is concluded that the predominant cause of distress in this situation is moisture induced.  It is shown that moisture movement through surfacings can be inhibited by pavement sealers and pavements which have lost their plasticising oils and resins can be rejuvenated through the use of an emulsion of these oils and resins. Australian case studies are quoted and a 90 per cent probability of success with these treatments is quoted. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/174654</guid>
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      <title>EFFECT OF CURING TEMPERATURE ON LIME STABILIZATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/174655</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the present research, the effects of curing temperature on properties of lime stabilized soil are investigated.  Two local Iraqi soils were used, one is coarse grained, the other is fine grained. These soils were stabilized with a locally manufactured lime.  The properties investigated included: optimum lime content, unconfined compressive strength, loss in unconfined compressive strength due to soaking in water and stress-strain relationship. The results obtained show that increased curing temperature results in a large increase in the unconfined compressive strength, a large reduction in the loss in unconfined compressive strength due to soaking in water and an increase in the secant modulus of elasticity for both soils.  It may be concluded, therefore, that increased curing temperature has favourable effects on engineering properties of lime stabilized soils.  This makes lime stabilization more favourable in countries with hot climates than in countries with cold or moderate climates. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/174655</guid>
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      <title>THERMAL CRACKING OF EXPOSED CONCRETE PIPELINES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/174656</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The causes of the cracking of exposed large diameter concrete pipes on two sewer pipe bridges were investigated. Thermal strain measurements showed that the cracking was caused by thermal bending set up by the difference in temperature between the inner and outer surfaces of the pipes.  The paper presents the results of crack surveys and temperature and strain measurements on the two pipelines. Experimental insulating work and final full-scale remedial measures are also mentioned.  It is shown that cracking on exposed concrete pipelines can be controlled provided attention is given to wall thickness, the placing and quantity of steel reinforcement, and possible insulating measures. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/174656</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CLAY CONTAMINATION IN CRUSHED ROCK HIGHWAY SUB-BASES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/174657</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although problems with clay contamination of sub-bases have been widely recognised for many years it is clear that they are not completely understood since several recently constructed roads in Great Britain and elsewhere appear to have been adversely influenced by them.  After a road failure in northern Ireland in which weakening of the sub- base by clay contamination was suspected as a possible cause the Department of the Environment for northern Ireland in conjunction withh the Queen's University of Belfast began to closely examine sub-base/sub-grade interaction.  The paper describes field and laboratory studies which initially were concerned with establishing the causes of clay contamination and its effects on the shearing resistance of the sub-base. Further tests concentrated on possible means of preventing contamination.  Both granular and various types of permeable fabric membrane filters were assessed in a small field trial and in a dynamically-loaded laboratory model. These provided some valuable insight into the filter mechanisms generated and suggested that granular filter layers may be more suited to the prevention of sub-base contamination by sub-grade fines than currently available fabric membranes. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/174657</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SLAG WOOL FIBRE CEMENT COMPOSITES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/174658</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is shown in this paper that additions of fibrous materials to cement slurries influence the physical and mechanical properties of the set cement.  Properly added fibres increase the stability of set cement against dynamic loads as well as the cracking stability under conditions of high temperature and pressure.  With the help of modern methods of physical and chemical analyses, the influence of mineral fibres on set cement structure formation at both early and late stages of hardening was established.  A slag wool fibre was used and an optimum correlation between the length of the fibres and their diameters was established. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/174658</guid>
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      <title>THE INFLUENCE OF LACK OF PENETRATION ON THE FRACTURE RESISTANCE OF STEEL WELDMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/174642</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes preliminary results obtained from a study of the fracture resistance of weldments containing lack of penetration defects.  The fracture toughness parameters, crack opening displacement and j-contour integral were determined at the onset of cracking from tests on single edge notched specimens tested in three-point bending.  Results showed that the fracture resistance of defective weldments made by a gas-shielded arc process (gma) was greater than that of welds made using manual covered electrodes (mma).  This difference was found to decrease as the proportion of lack of penetration increased.  It can be inferred that, at levels of lack of penetration typically encountered in fabrication practice, the tolerance of gma welds would be about twice that of mma welds. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/174642</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SOME ASPECTS OF THE WELDING OF ALUMINIUM- ZINC- MAGNESIUM ALLOYS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/174643</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The A1-Zn-Mg (7000 series) wrought alloys are very attractive alloys for commercial use principally due to their high strength-to-weight ratios. They have been used in many engineering applications including structural assemblies; components and members in road and rail transportation and military vehicles.  However, there is some lack of confidence towards a wider usage of these medium-to-high strength aluminium alloys due to difficulties sometimes encountered in welding and their susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking, especially in the as-welded condition. In this paper, a brief survey is given of the structure, properties and characteristics of some commercial Al-Zn-Mg (7000 series) alloys. Special emphasis is given to the welding and weld properties of these versatile alloys as a guide to their use in welded structural applications. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/174643</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ECONOCRETE - UTILIZATION OF MARGINAL AGGREGATES IN PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/174645</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Econocrete can be used in the lower course of a two course concrete or asphalt pavement or in shoulder construction. Many inferior and marginal aggregates, waste products and some otherwise deleterious materials which do not meet the requirements of conventional specifications can be utilized in the manufacture of econocrete.  With the rising cost of fuel and the depletion of good quality concrete making materials in some areas, pavement construction with econocrete will become increasingly more cost-effective and competitive.  Results of some laboratory investigations are reported which demonstrate the potential of econocrete and dry lean concrete. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/174645</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROPERTIES OF GROUND GRANULATED SLAGS IN CEMENT BLENDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/174646</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an assessment of the properties of ground granulated slag (ggs) from the Port Kembla (NSW) works, in cement blends.  Slag from one blast furnace at Port Kembla may be granulated either by water or by air (pelletized slag - slaglite).  This is a rare occurrence throughout the world and allows the examination of slags of substantially the same chemical composition but subjected to these vitrifying process alternatives on a production scale. An investigation has shown the hydration reactivity of the two slag types to be not significantly different, however, the pelletized slag was more easily ground.  The pelletized slag required an energy input for grinding similar to that of portland cement clinker.  An examination of the compressive strength of opc (concrete containing a triplex cementitious blend of portland cement) -ggs blends showed no advantage in using ggs ground finer than (350M x 350m)/kg. 50 per cent opc - 50 per cent ggs blends had similar strength to the opc alone at 28 days and only slightly reduced strength at 7 days.  Slag cements from Europe are generally reported to have a high resistance to attack by sulphate solutions.  However Australian slags have a higher alumina content and a 50 per cent opc-50 per cent ggs blend was found to be unstable in a 5 per cent sodium sulphate solution.  Other portland cement and cement- flyash blends were examined and results are reported.  It seems advisable that particular slag cement blends should be examined individually when durability is a concern. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/174646</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>STABILIZATION OF THICK CLAY LAYERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/174647</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Brief consideration is given to a range of techniques for improving the strength and stiffness of soft clay layers. Such soils have a shear strength commonly less than 50 kpa. Particular consideration is given to the technique of surcharging combined with PVC vertical drains. The stability at the edge of the surcharge is evaluated.  Well permeability is seen to be a limitation to the effective depth of vertical drains.  Values of the horizontal coefficient of consolidation is best achieved by field testing due to scale effects introduced in laboratory testing.  A deterministic method of evaluation of field data is discussed.  Reference is made to a probabilistic technique based on settlement data obtained at constant time intervals. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/174647</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>STEELWORK - AN APPROPRIATE MATERIAL FOR BRIDGES OF MEDIUM SPAN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/174648</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Steelwork may no longer be a fashionable material for short to medium span bridges in industrialised countries, but continues to fulfill an important range of bridging needs in less developed countries.  Based on their experiences in the design and construction of bridges in steelwork and prestressed concrete in developing countries, the authors demonstrate types of bridges used for varying spans up to 60 M.  The majority of the bridges are of steelwork and, being designed to suit the various restraints of location, site and other factors, were appropriate and economical solutions.  The major planning considerations in determining the superstructure material are listed.  Cost comparisons for varying span superstructures and piling are demonstrated, including weights of girders and units to illustrate relative costs and critical factors such as erection weights etc. Access to sites, erection expertise requirements and capabilities of available contractors are discussed as major factors affecting choice of bridge.  The authors conclude that in developing countries the useage of steelwork must still be seriously considered and will for many sites be the appropriate solution for short to medium span bridging. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/174648</guid>
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