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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>A LOGISTICS MODULE FOR SAMGODS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/743606</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study is to make an outline of the modelling of logistic choices as a part of the future SAMGODS system. The first part of the study includes a survey of international experiences with the aim of identifying applications of use for SAMGODS. Material concerning logistics as a driver for freight processes in general and on the state of the art in freight logistics modelling are considered. Long term trends in logistics show that changing client demands, falling barriers and the increasing rationalization of processes result in changes in the spatial configuration of distribution chains. The observed changes in length of haul in freight transport may be a result of these trends, in combination with changes in the distance between producers and consumers. It is useful for transport policy makers to understand these trends, in a qualitative and quantitative manner. (A) This document is available on the Internet: http://www.tfk.se/publik/2003_1.pdf]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Dec 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>ITSCOST - CAPITAL COST, OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE COST FOR ITS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/743608</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project has focused on finding the actual costs for installation, operation and maintenance of ITS applications. The objective has been to produce a forecast of ITS costs for the coming 10 years.  The study comprises a state of the art study of international studies performed within the ITS cost field as well as case studies of costs related to tunnel management systems, motorway control systems, payment systems for road pricing and variable message signs.  The results show that there is a lack of cost data in Sweden and Europe while several initiatives in USA show promising results.  The creation of a European cost database similar to the ITS Units cost database maintained by the United States Department of Transportation should be off primary interest to the European road sector. (A) This document is available on the Internet: http://www.tfk.se/publik/2003_4.pdf]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Dec 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/743608</guid>
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      <title>INFORMATION EXCHANGE AND CONTROLLABILITY IN LOGISTICS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/744979</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development of information and communication technology has made it possible to look upon the logistics and transport chains in a quite new manner. Real time information flows between the actors in the chain are updating the information about the systems' status immediately. The question is however: is the information exchange improving the controllability of the logistics systems? In this paper a conceptual model is presented that can aid in analysing the role of information and its exchange in logistics systems. The model is principally made up from theories in cybernetics, system science and information theory. The model contains two parts: a process chart and a prospect matrix. The first part is describing the conditions and information exchange in the logistics and the latter is for evaluating the possibilities of information exchange for certain activities among the supply chain actors. This document is available on the Internet: http://www.tfk.se/publik/2002_3_short.pdf (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Dec 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/744979</guid>
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      <title>EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORT IN SWEDEN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/744986</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is a part of a project where the aim is to calculate the external costs of air pollution and noise from transport in Sweden. In the project the impact path way approach is used. In this approach the emissions are followed from source via dispersion, chemical conversion, concentration and deposition at receptors, impact, change in utility, welfare losses and finally costs. The first step in the impact path way approach is to estimate the activities and their emission. In the approach the activities and emissions have to be spatially distributed. When starting the project it was known that data of this kind did not exist for all transport modes. For road and rail the national administrations and the Swedish EPA uses top down approach when calculating national emissions. Methods therefore had to be developed. For aviation it showed during the project that data were available with spatial distribution at least for the airports administrated from the Swedish National Aviation Administration. For marine transport no calculation of emissions was done in this project and data were based on coarse international databases. The methods used for calculating the activities and emissions from transports in Sweden are described in this report. (A) This document is available on the Internet: http://www.tfk.se/publik/2003_5E.pdf]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Dec 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/744986</guid>
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      <title>MAST. MARKET ANALYSIS FOR TRANSPORTS FINANCED BY THE PUBLIC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/745859</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Swedish municipalities and county councils are spending large amounts every year on the local and regional public transport. In recent years there has been a development in the methodology and knowledge used in the area of public transport. Several public transport authorities have installed new automatic ticketing systems, which can be used for a continuous follow up of the traffic production. At the same time travel demand models and programs for planning and analysing transportation networks are improved leading to more accurate and reliable forecasts. In this project a tool for follow up of the traffic production has been developed with the purpose of managing data from the ticket systems. This database then serves as input to the network analysis system that assigns the trips to the transit network. In the next step the travel demand effects of a change in the traffic supply and/or the fares can be calculated. The methodology makes it possible to calculate accurate trip matrices both for the actual network and a planned situation. The methods has been tested and evaluated on three demonstration projects, including local public cities and regional traffic between cities. The method used in the project is considered to work well. The follow up of the traffic production give detailed information of the actual trip pattern. The combination of the network analysis system and the travel demand modelling makes it possible to forecast how a change of the transit network or the fare would affect the trip pattern. The integrated system makes it possible to analyse the impact of changes in the transit network from both a business economic and a socio-economic point of view. Future ticketing systems, with a firm connection between the timetable and the access and perhaps also the egress of the trip-maker, will make the methodology even more sophisticated and reliable. (A) This document is available on the Internet: http://www.tfk.se/publik/2003_10.pdf]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Dec 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/745859</guid>
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      <title>IMPROVED PERFORMANCE OF EUROPEAN LONG HAULAGE TRANSPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/685106</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In international long haulage transport within the EU articulated vehicles, usually called semitrailer combinations, are dominant. Their regular loading capacity, of about 85 m3 and 26 tonnes is provided by a 13.6 metre long semi-trailer (the maximum total weight being 40.tonnes or 44 tonnes if the cargo consists of a 40-foot ISO container). Also road trains, consisting of a lorry and a centre-axle trailer, are used. The maximum loading capacity is approximately 96 m3 and 26 tonnes. The modular concept practised in Sweden and Finland since 1997 is based on the CEN standardised 7.82-metre long unit load carrier and the 13.6-metre long semi-trailer being the longest single vehicle allowed in EU. The maximum length of this combination of modules is 25.25 metres. All cargo units in the system are well adapted for rail transport in combined transport either as single vehicles or as separate load carrier units. The combination is built on existing vehicles and load carriers available in large quantities on the European continent. This study shows that the modular concept will change and improve the logistic system on the European continent. To fill up the extra loading capacity co-operation between hauliers and forwarders will be performed. Cargo units for the intended destination can be exchanged between companies. (A) This document is also available electronically via Internet at http://www.tfk.se/publik/2002_6E.pdf.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/685106</guid>
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      <title>VACUUM FOR THE SECURING OF CARGO</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/685761</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The cost of cargo securing on vehicles is relatively high in proportion to total transportation costs, particularly if the distances involved are short. Consequently the methods employed for cargo securing in such transports, usually are those which are easiest to implement and place least demand on equipment and personnel, even if the chosen methods fail to wholly fulfil appropriate regulations. Reliable cargo securing equipment that can be applied and dismounted with a single grip has long been requested, but as yet no cost-effective technical solution has been found. This report describes studies of a new, quick and simple method of cargo securing by use of vacuum. The securing of cargo by use of vacuum has been studied in theoretical calculations as well as in practical tests, based on loads of paper rolls and paper sheets. Tests have been conducted by inclining the load carrying platforms laterally and longitudinally. Thus far the results have been encouraging and indicate that the use of a vacuum is a viable method for securing cargo. (A) The report is available as a PDF file: http://www.tfk.se/publik/2000_3E.pdf.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/685761</guid>
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      <title>LUFTFARTSFORSKNING: TRENDER OCH FRAMTIDA FORSKNINGSBEHOV</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/685796</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The air traffic is expected to grow in the next decade. Environmental issues and congestion, which are most apparent in the larger European airports, are two examples. Finding rational economic and environmental solutions to make aviation more efficient demands further research and development. The research plan for air traffic states that it shall be continually adjusted and updated during the extent of the program to fit the needs resulting from developments within the aviation business and aviation research field. This report has been commissioned to suggest such adjustments to the program. Within the project a trend seminar was arranged with representatives from the aviation and transport research sectors. Through the scenario planning method, factors that are likely to have a great effect on air traffic were listed.  This report describes trends in society, the economy and within the industry that could determine the future development of air traffic. The trend analyses complements an extensive literary study in several databases of which the purpose was to map current research and see which areas need further research. Based on this material a number of research areas have been identified that are significant for Swedish aviation to be competitive and able to meet current and future demands. (A) The report is available as a PDF file: http://www.tfk.se/publik/2001_2.pdf.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/685796</guid>
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      <title>COST MODEL FOR CARGO SECURING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/685809</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of the project has been to create a model that illustrates the costs for different alternatives of securing of cargo under varying conditions. All freight transports have costs associated with lashing of cargo. For certain types of goods and mode of conveyance there are reasons to find more cost-effective solutions. In some respects rail transport requires substantially higher or different demands on the securing of cargo than in the case of road transport. The transport becomes more expensive which will have a negative effect on the competitiveness of rail transport or combined transport. The model facilitates approximate estimations of the cost for securing of cargo and will be used for reliable decision support when prioritising different load securing techniques. It will also be an incitement to the development of cost effective load securing methods that is more adapted to rail transport. In the development work the LCC-methodology has been applied to create the structure of the model and to systemise the cost elements included. The model has been validated through a field study that covered load securing of various types of cargo in different types of load carriers. The study has shown that the LCC-methodology is a technique that is applicable in an analysis of the process of securing of cargo in different load carriers and mode of conveyance. To estimate the difference in cost for cargo securing in rail transport by comparison with road transport the model has been applied on instances covered in the field study. (A) The report is available as a PDF file: http://www.tfk.se/publik/2001_3.pdf.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/685809</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANALYSIS OF LONG DISTANCE BUSINESS AND PRIVATE TRIPS: AIR TRAVEL COMPARED TO OTHER MODES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/685817</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of the study is to find differences and similarities between individuals travelling by air compared to other modes. The current study includes trips exceeding 100 kilometres. The analysis is performed in three stages. Stage one is an aggregate market analysis aiming at identifying modes with a market share worth a further analysis. In stage two, the data is divided into four sub-markets, domestic private trips, domestic business trips, international private trips and international business trips. Stage three focuses on a deeper analysis of selected variables from stage two. The data review shows the large potential in the national travel surveys. At the same time, the possibility to perform in-depth analyses on segments of the data is limited. To perform these kinds of analyses, model estimations have to be done. Such analyses have been made within the SAMPERS project. The factor that, without doubt has the strongest impact on mode choice is travel distance. The size of the travel company seems to be important for the choice of car at private trips. Public transport modes show higher proportions of respondents without travel company. Finally, there is a substantially higher share of high income respondents in the business travel markets, both domestic and international. The highest share can be found within the air transport business market. (A) The report is available on the Internet: http://www.tfk.se/publik/2001_4.pdf.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/685817</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>EFFORT - SPEED REDUCING EFFORTS - IMPACT ON THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/685829</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Several Swedish municipalities have redesigned the local traffic environment over the last years to achieve the Swedish vision of zero fatalities. Conflict areas between protected and unprotected road users are often solved by reducing speed from 50 to 30 km/h. This has increased the number of 30 km/h sections and road humps dramatically. There is a need to study the effects from lower speeds and physical traffic measures like road humps on public transport. The aim of this project is to study and value these effects in a real environment and to give recommendations to the Swedish traffic safety work in the future, including using non-physical measures. This study is part of a more comprehensive work on consequences from decreased speeds in local areas, herein only dealing with public transport and three different hump types. Other modes are excluded in this report. Experience shows that road humps affect public transport by: 1) Relatively larger reductions on travel times compared to car traffic; 2) Higher discomfort among bus travellers than car travellers; and 3) Low acceptance from bus operators. Investment costs, traffic accidents, travel times, operating costs and dead weight loss for society have been estimated. The analysis shows that the long hump has the largest, negative effect on public transport regarding travel times. The shorter hump and the speed cushion have equal effects, which is a bit surprising since the speed cushion is designed to be more suitable for public transport vehicles. The report is available on the Internet: http://www.tfk.se/publik/2001_6.pdf.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/685829</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CO-ORDINATED DISTRIBUTION OF GOODS - POSSIBILITIES AND OBSTACLES: THE ROLE OF THE DISTRIBUTION VEHICLE IN SUSTAINABLE CITY DISTRIBUTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/726245</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One major problem regarding city logistics today is the trend towards smaller deliveries, resulting in an increase in the number of delivery points and thus an increase in the number of kilometres driven. The consequences of this trend are increased levels of emissions and congestion. From an environmental perspective, fewer and larger deliveries with a higher degree of co-ordination are preferable. This project aims to study, from both technical and organisational aspects, the possibilities, incentives and barriers to co-ordinated distribution. By finding environmentally and economically sustainable solutions to city distribution the distribution companies, with support from IT, will be able to provide the same, or even better, service using fewer vehicles and thus reducing the number of kilometres driven. From a survey and analysis of distribution companies within the county of Stockholm those businesses with the best opportunities for distribution co-ordination have been identified. Companies targeted for co-ordinated distribution are mainly involved in wholesale and retail trade. Companies with a large number of vehicles in these groups handle heavy industrial and construction goods, food and other everyday commodities. Two other major target groups are companies involved in the manufacture of industrial goods and food that handle their own distribution to wholesalers and retailaers as well as transport activities within national and local authorities. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Oct 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/726245</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT TARIFF STRATEGIES FOR URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT. THE ZERO FARE PROJECT IN KRISTINEHAMN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/656074</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Experiments with new tariff strategies have been carried out in a number of sites in Sweden. In this study a trial with zero fares in Kristinehamn has been evaluated and the results compared with another trial with fare-reductions in Trollhaettan. The zero fare in Kristinehamn has also been evaluated in socio-economic terms with a cost benefit analysis. In order to appraise the willingness-to-pay for public transport a Stated Preference-study has been conducted. The study shows that the zero fare project in Kristinehamn has resulted in a small positive surplus for the urban traffic and a rather big deficit for the rural traffic. In the analysis of the results the pre-requisites needed to achieve socio-effectivity through intelligent tariff systems are highlighted. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Jun 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/656074</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SAKRA KORT FOR TRANSPORTER [SAFE CARDS FOR TRANSPORT OPERATIONS]</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/493943</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project has been implemented as a financially independent Swedish survey in cooperation with a larger project, known as INCA, whose purpose is to clarify and test in practice the possibilities of transmitting information between authorities and other players on the transport scene in Europe with available technology.  The project described in this report has dealt principally with applications involving smart cards, but trials with computer networks have also been monitored.  TEXT IN SWEDISH WITH SUMMARY IN ENGLISH.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Nov 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/493943</guid>
    </item>
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      <title>SOS - SELF OPTIMISING SIGNAL CONTROL: DEVELOPMENT AND FIELD TRIALS OF THE SOS ALGORITHM FOR SELF OPTIMIZING SIGNAL CONTROL AT ISOLATED INTERSECTIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/635258</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new traffic signal control algorithm for isolated intersections, called SOS - Self Optimising Signal Control, has been specified, implemented, simulated and finally tested in a field trial at one intersection. Many signalised intersections are not part of co-ordinated networks. More than 60% of the 3,500 signalised intersections in Sweden are operating isolated and many of them are located on trunk roads with high traffic volumes. The Swedish Lhovra control is a modular tool box of traffic engineering functions. Lhovra was mainly developed to increase safety on high speed roads, and to reduce the risk for rear-end accidents. The Finnish HUTSIM simulator was used during the development work and trials indicated a socio economic pay back period of 6 months for a SOS installation. Field trials indicated that the number of vehicles in the option zone when the signals changed from green to yellow were reduced by 38%, compared with Lhovra control. The number of vehicles exposed to a risk of rear-end collision risks were reduced by 58%. The delay was about the same as with Lhovra control. However, SOS did not perform as well as expected during rush hours, mainly due to problems with the traffic model but also due to the fact that the capacity optimising algorithm was not used. The total traffic safety improvement can be estimated to be worth about SEK 200,000 per year. It is important to note that: the test intersection has very high traffic volumes and is not representative for normal intersections. To conclude, the Scandinavian tradition of signal control has been combined with an optimising algorithm. The number of vehicles exposed to the risk of a rear-end collision on high speed approaches can be reduced dramatically if traffic safety is favoured in the parameter settings. The traffic model needs further improvements during peak hours. A combination of the properties of SOS and Lhovra could possibly give good results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Sep 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/635258</guid>
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