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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Investing in concrete durability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1372418</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Oct 2015 13:02:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1372418</guid>
    </item>
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      <title>FAST TUNNELLING IN HARD ROCK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/179877</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The largest tunnel-boring machine manufactured by the US Company Jarva Inc has achieved unusually high work rates on a 9.8 m-diameter tunnel under Chicago.  This article describes briefly the design of the machine and the performance it achieved.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jun 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/179877</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ROBBINS DIGS ON, IN EUROPE AND AUSTRALIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/174039</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Two applications are described of work by tunnelling machines supplied by the Robbins Company, USA: the 136-204 hard rock rotary machine to be used on the Haeusling Penstock for the Zillergruendl hydro project in Austria; and the tunnel boring machine known as the "mole", which is steered using laser beam control, working at the Thomson Reservoir scheme in Australia.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 27 Feb 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/174039</guid>
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      <title>PREPARING AND GROUTING DUCTS IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS. 2ND EDITION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/174040</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The duct design should avoid sudden changes in either the alignment or the inside diameter of the duct.  Requirements of diameter, injection points. Vents and drain holes are given.  Spirally wound corrugated steel ducting is generally used, the alternatives of steel tube and inflatable rubber cores being only occasionally employed.  Duct assembly and installation are discussed.  Before concreting, ducts should be inspected for flaws, and methods of inspection, testing and preparation of ducts are discussed.  Requirements for cement, fine aggregates, where necessary, and water are given.  The main categories of admixtures in use for grouting include: (a) workability aids; (b) air entraining agents; (c) retarders; (d) gas-forming admixtures.  The fluidity, sedimentation and volume change, and the compressive strength are discussed.  A high-speed mechanical (colloidal) grout mixer should always be employed.  Details of mixing and pumping and the equipment required are given. The author stresses that the grouting operation should always be carried out by experienced operatives and that comprehensive records should be kept.  The process of grout injection, the precautions to be taken when grouting in cold weather and the special attention required by vertical or inclined ducts, with an overall height of more than 10 M are described.  Appendices on the flow cone test (marsh tunnel viscometer), pressure development in grouting and the use of gamma radiography to detect faults are included. Safety precautions are listed.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 27 Feb 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/174040</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>THE SWEDISH APPROACH TO ROCK SUPPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/159445</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Swedish experience shows that a proper understanding of the process of tunnel support using a thin layer of shotcrete, coupled with modern methods of application should lead to a wider application of the system.  The author evaluates the design approach to shotcrete support based on measurements, rock classification and experience.  The important advantages of shotcreting, either as a temporary or permanent support are given.  These include economy, adaptability, no need for shuttering or complicated equipment.  Recent developments in Swedish remote-controlled shotcreting equipment are described.  The operation of the robot system is outlined; its major advantage is in its capacity to tackle and pass a cave-in quickly and efficiently.  A reliable combined transporting and batching system, the trixer, has been developed.  The use of liquid accelerators and proportioning pumps are described. Research into the use of steel-fibre reinforcements is outlined. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/159445</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN DRIFTING AND TUNNELLING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/159402</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The author attempts to predict how drilling and tunnelling techniques are likely to develop between now and the year 2000.  Reference is made to the development, over 100 years, of rock drills while drilling and blasting have remained the chief method of tunnelling in hard rock.  A review is made of various methods proposed for disintegrating rock, which are compared with existing mechanical methods.  Prediction for tunnelling processes suggest more highly automated machines than now, controlled by less-qualified operators. A comparison is made of the use and development of pneumatic and hydraulic drills, and the advantages and disadvantages of the fullface tunnel boring method are discussed. Finally, the author describes existing rock removal methods, and the increasing importance of remote control for loading work in the future.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Dec 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/159402</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SEEPAGE PROBLEMS OF EARTH AND ROCKFILL DAMS ON ROCK FOUNDATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/60991</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article describes problems encountered at the East Branch (Clarion River) dam in the United States, and discusses various foundation treatments carried out.  The embankment comprised a central impervious core with upstream and downstream random zones, and a rockfill zone underlying the upstream slope protection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Mar 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/60991</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ROCK SLOPES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/65506</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The stability of five major slide areas along the shore line of the Kastraki reservoir in Greece, impounded by an earth dam in 1969, is examined by the author.  Two-dimensional finite-element analysis is employed to define the potential slide areas for each slope.  These areas have been caused by the filling of the reservoir and the forces from the rising ground water.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 16 Jan 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/65506</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ACOUSTIC EMISSION MONITORING OF EARTH DAM STABILITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/45894</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In a study of the possibility of sounds being emitted by deforming soils, acoustic emission concepts, common to the monitoring of nuclear pressure vessels and massive rock structures such as tunnels and shafts, were used in the development of techniques which require a transducer or accelerometer for pickup and conversion of the acoustic emission wave into an electric signal.  This is then amplified, filtered and recorded in such a manner as to have a quantifiable value.  This technique requires considerable testing and a number of modifications to standard acoustic monitoring procedures.  The details are outlined of 8 earth dams which are being or have been monitored using the acoustic emission techniques.  The studies show that earth dams that do not generate acoustic emissions are not deforming; those with moderate emissions are deforming slightly and those that generate large amounts of emission are deforming to a high degree and are to be considered ustable.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Sep 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/45894</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PRESTRESSING A POWER TUNNEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/45895</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The onerous physical requirements made on a power tunnel has been met by a technique of prestressing according to the Tiroler Wasserlkraftwerke AG (TIWAG) gap grouting method. In this procedure, concrete lining is prestressed by injecting cement grouting into the contact joint between the concrete lining and the rock.  The pressure of the grout opens a gap and fills it with the grout, which at the same time penetrates the fissures and cracks of the adjacent rock and solidifies it.  To make precise injection of the contact possible, a special system of synthetic hoses with valves is placed along the wall of the tunnel before concreting the lining.  The details are described of the prestressing of a section of the power tunnel, of about 150 m, between the vertical intake shaft and the penstocks in the Jordon River project in Australia.  This section of the power tunnel lies in quartzite and had been concreted in ten pours of about 15 m each.  The 12.7 cm-diameter grout hoses were placed circumferentially at 2.5 m spacing.  The complete success of the gap grouting technique was proven by checks on a test section installed in each of the central eight concrete pours.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Sep 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/45895</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENTS IN TUNNELLING TECHNIQUES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/45896</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A summary is presented of a number of papers related to hydro work and related schemes which were presented at a recent symposium.  One paper described the development of tunneling methods, the durability of cutting edges and the advantages of the tungsten carbide as a cutting material. The determination of rock deformation characteristics (using plate bearing tests near the surface and borehole extensometer tests for rock dialation in deeper rock) in sandstone surrounding a pressure tunnel in Australia was described in another paper.  The main features, design data and construction factors were described of the 4800 m long pressure tunnel (for a hydroelectric storage plant) in the central Apenines.  Hydro projects in Costa Rica which have shotcrete lined tunnels were detailed, and the bentonite shield technology and its intital application in Germany were also detailed.  The way such shields are being improved in Japan, Britain and Germany were discussed.  The results of investigations into the use of latex concrete in tunnel construction were summarized.  The performance was described of a tunnel support system in four fathom mudstone; steel ribs, steel liner, rockbolts, or sprayed concrete supports were compared.  The use of on-board monitoring and data acquisition systms for tunneling machinery was covered in another paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Sep 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/45896</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE ASEISMIC DESIGN OF CONCRETE DAMS-II</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/45121</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The form of dynamic loading when designing dams for construction in earthquake zones is discussed, resovior- induced seismicity is examined, and tests on prototype arch dams are described.  The mathematical basis of dynamic analysis is also discussed.  Precomputing response spectra is one approach which gives reasonably useful results in dam designing.  Evaluationof such methods for aseismic design of buildings has shown the importance of the extension of design spectrum concepts into the inelastic range.  An alternative method is discussed which involves the direct integration of equations of motion.  Seismic activity due to impoundement is descussed, four possible explanations are set forth, and evidence of seismicity induced by reservoirs in China is detailed.  Chinese data was collected from 13 accelerograph stations disposed about the dam, with a concentration of 4 each on two buttresses (arranged regularly from base to crest), four along the crest, and (most important) one on exposed bedrock some distance from the dam itself.  Studies of the dynamic effect of the reservoir are described and it is shown that the actual distribution of added mass is quite different from that which would be predicted by Westergaard.  It is pointed out that there is no need to make an electrical analogue for the added mass; it is simply a computer routine to be run before the main analysis.  Tests on various prototype arch dams are outlined, and two types (model which coincides as closely as possible with the prototype as the lows of similitude allow; and a physical model made to check the accuracy and/or validity of a computational model which may be used on the prototype) of models used for the tests are described.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Jun 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/45121</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ASSESSING PROBLEMS OF UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES. PART TWO</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/36427</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Several examples are presented to further explain the mathematical analysis of rock mechanics that is discussed in relationship to tunnel support techniques.  One case examined is creeping rock masses where deformations do not occur within a short time after excavation but progress slowly many months after the end of the excavations. Another case involves the use of thin concrete linings according to the techniques developed by Bernold.  A third case illustrate the effort to create tangential compression stresses inside a circular concrete lining and increase its resistance to fissuration by hydraulic pressure through the use of high pressure grouting of the rock mass around the tunnel.  examples are also given where rock bolts or rock anchors are used, either above or in connection with shotcrete layers, steel meshes or concrete linings. /HRIS/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 May 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/36427</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BUCKLING OF CIRCULAR RINGS AND CYLINDRICAL TUBES UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/36419</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Having discussed the basic principles of the two different schools of thought on buckling theory (rotary symmetric theories and non-symmetric theories), the author proposes some asymmetric buckling formulae giving design examples of the steel-lined pressure shafts for the Matucana power plant in Peru and the Hornberg project in Switzerland.  The last part of the article gives formulae for ring-stiffened pipes. /TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Apr 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/36419</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ASSESSING PROBLEMS OF UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES. PART ONE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/36020</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An analysis is presented of case histories where problems in rock excavations are encountered.  These case histories illustrate the difficulties encountered in defining the modulus of elasticity of rock masses based on in situ measurements, and in determining other constants of rock masses such as the crushing strength and cohesion.  One of the case histories, the excavation of several caverns for the Cabora Bassa underground powerhouse, illustrates the use of the finite element method of design, which takes into account the vertical and horizontal residual stress in the rock, the shape of the excavations, the rock characteristics, the geological stratification, and the construction program.  Another case history of a circular excavation illustrates the case of overstressed rock where elasto-plastic deformations occur. /HRIS/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Mar 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/36020</guid>
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