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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>CLIMATE, ENGINEERING PETROLOGY AND THE DURABILITY OF NATURAL ROAD BUILDING MATERIALS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/107116</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A NATURAL ROADBUILDING MATERIAL IS DURABLE ONLY IF THE CHANGE IN ITS PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES DURING CONSTRUCTION AND THE LIFE OF A ROAD REMAINS WITHIN LIMITS WHICH DO NOT INVALIDATE THE DESIGN. THE DURABILITY OF A NATURAL ROAD BUILDING MATERIAL DEPENDS ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF ITS PLACE OF OCCURRENCE AND ON ITS PETROLOGICAL PROPERTIES. CLIMATE IS A PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENT FACTOR. THE N-VALUE, A NUMERICAL EXPRESSION DERIVED USING THE CLIMATIC FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE THE MODE OF WEATHERING, HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO DEFINE THESE CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. WHEN N IS MORE THAN 5 ALL ROCKS DISINTEGRATE, AND WHERE N IS LESS THAN 5 CERTAIN TYPES OF ROCK MAY DECOMPOSE AND CHANGE INTO CLAY. DECOMPOSITION AND DISINTEGRATION ARE THE TWO PRINCIPAL FORMS OF WEATHERING. THE FORMER, WHICH OCCURS ONLY IN ROCKS CONTAINING MINERALS WHICH CAN OXIDIZE OR HYDRATE UNDER ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS, AFFECTS THE DURABILITY AND THEREBY THE QUALITY OF A ROAD BUILDING MATERIAL MORE THAN THE LATTER. ROCK MAY BE TESTED FOR DECOMPOSITION BY DETERMINING THE PERCENTAGE OF SECONDARY MINERALS FORMED AND FOR DISINTEGRATION BY CRUSHING TESTS, ESPECIALLY THE 10% FINES AGGREGATE CRUSHING TEST ON DRY AND WET MATERIAL. SOUTH AFRICAN NATURAL ROAD BUILDING MATERIALS ARE DIVIDED INTO NINE GROUPS ACCORDING TO THE SIMILARITY OF THEIR ENGINEERING PROPERTIES. THE GREAT IMPORTANCE OF QUARTZ IN ASSESSING DURABILITY IS STRESSED AND MATERIALS ENGINEERS ARE ADVISED TO BECOME FAMILIAR WITH THIS MINERAL. /RRL(A)/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Jul 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/107116</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BRIDGES: BIRCHENOUGH TO BOSPORUS AND BEYOND FORTY YEARS' PROGRESS IN LONG-SPAN BRIDGE ENGINEERING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/25430</link>
      <description><![CDATA[FOURTEEN BRIDGES DESIGNED BY THE AUTHOR'S FIRM, NOW CALLED FREEMAN, FOX & PARTNERS, ARE DESCRIBED TO ILLUSTRATE MAJOR ADVANCES IN BRIDGE BUILDING. THESE RANGE FROM THE BIRCHENOUGH BRIDGE, COMPLETED IN 1935, TO THE HUMBER BRIDGE, DUE FOR COMPLETION IN 1977. DUE TO THE GREAT DEPTH OF SAND IN THE RIVER BED AT THE SITE OF THE BIRCHENOUGH BRIDGE, A SINGLE-SPAN ARCH WAS CONSTRUCTED BETWEEN OUTCROPPING ROCKS ON THE BANKS. SIMILAR SITE PROBLEMS EXISTED AT THE OTTO BEIT BRIDGE OVER THE ZAMBESI, BUT HERE A SUSPENSION SPAN WAS ERECTED. OTHER SUSPENSION BRIDGES DESCRIBED INCLUDE THE FORTH ROAD BRIDGE, SEVERN BRIDGE, BOSPORUS BRIDGE AND THE HUMBER BRIDGE, THE MAIN SPAN OF WHICH WILL BE THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD WHEN COMPLETED. AT THE TIME OF ITS COMPLETION IN 1963, THE MEDWAY BRIDGE WAS THE LONGEST POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE CANTILEVER SPAN IN THE WORLD. THE DEVELOPMENT OF BOX-GIRDER CONSTRUCTION IS OUTLINED AND THE WYE, ERSKIN AND AVONMOUTH BRIDGES GIVEN AS EXAMPLES. THE LIGHT WEIGHT OF THIS TYPE OF STRUCTURE ENABLED 2 ADDITIONAL TRAFFIC LANES TO BE ADDED TO THE AUCKLAND HARBOUR BRIDGE, ONE EACH SIDE OF THE EXISTING BRIDGE, SUPPORTED ON BRACKETS ATTACHED TO THE ORIGINAL PIERS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Mar 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/25430</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE BEHAVIOR OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS ON EXPANSIVE SOILS IN RHODESIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/138727</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The occurrence of expansive soils in Rhodesia is described. The distribution of these soils has been determined by correlating an agricultural soil classification system with engineering criteria. The behavior of flexible pavements on expansive soils under local conditions is described and this information is used to establish a basis for classifying soils into expansive and non-expansive categories. If the free swell of a subgrade soil is greater than 60 per cent it will have an adverse effect on the performance of the pavement. The smoothness of road pavements on expansive soils and their rate of deterioration have been assessed in terms of present serviceability index (PSI), as measured by a P.C.A. roadmeter. A modified method which estimates the number of excessive bumps from level surveys has been used to assess an airfield. A recent construction specification which consists of excavating 600 mm of expansive soil is included in economic considerations together with other possible approaches. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Nov 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/138727</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONSTRUCTION ON (VOLUMETRICALLY ACTIVE) SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/125653</link>
      <description><![CDATA[VOLUMETRICALLY ACTIVE SOILS OCCURING EXTENSIVELY IN RHODESIA, MOSTLY IN VLEIS, HAVE USUALLY BEEN AVOIDED BY CIVIL ENGINEERS AND TOWN PLANNERS. IN RECENT YEARS INCREASING LAND VALUES HAVE DICTATED BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, AND CONSEQUENT ROAD AND RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION IN VLEI AREAS. THIS PAPER SUGGESTS METHODS OF IDENTIFYING THESE ACTIVE SOILS, GIVES A HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE, AND RECOMMENDS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR SUCH TERRAIN. /TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/125653</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE OVERLOADING AND STRENGTHENING OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO AIRFIELDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/104909</link>
      <description><![CDATA[AIRFIELD RUNWAYS IN RHODESIA HAVE BEEN SUBJECTED TO THE PLATE BEARING TEST IN ORDER TO EVALUATE EXISTING PAVEMENT STRENGTHS, DEVELOP A MEANS OF CALCULATING OCCASIONAL OVERLOADS, AND TO ESTABLISH CRITERIA FOR DESIGNING OVERLAY THICKNESSES. PLATE BEARING STRENGTHS WERE COMPARED WITH BENKELMAN DEFLECTIONS, AND AN ATTEMPT MADE TO CORRELATE THE TWO. /RRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 23 Apr 1972 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/104909</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OVERLOADING AND STRENGTHENING OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO AIRFIELDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/104729</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE BENKELMAN BEAM CAN BE USED TO ASSESS THE BEARING CAPACITY OF PAVEMENTS OR AIRFIELDS. HOWEVER, AS THE LCN (LOAD CLASSIFICATION NUMBER) INCREASES, THE STEEPNESS OF THE RELATIONSHIP MAKES INTERPOLATION UNRELIABLE. AMERICAN OVERLOAD FACTORS ARE TOO UNIVERSAL FOR APPLICATION ON RHODESIAN AIRFIELDS AND A NEW APPROACH IS SUGGESTED USING PLATE TEST DATA. IN THE ABSENCE OF SUCH DATA A GENERALIZED FORMULA HAS BEEN DEVELOPED. THE INCREASED EFFECT OF OVERLOADS ON RHODESIAN AIRFIELDS IS DUE TO LOCAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS WHICH ARE PRESENTLY STRESSED NEAR TO THEIR ELASTIC LIMITS BY CLIMATIC, GEOMORPHOLOGICAL, AND PEDOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. IT IS THOUGHT THAT THE SAME CONDITION WILL APPLY TO THE ROADS WHICH USE NATURAL OR MODIFIED GRAVELS, AND ARE BUILT OVER LOOSELY COMPACTED ROADBEDS. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Mar 1972 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/104729</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RAPID DETERMINATION OF CBR WITH THE PORTABLE CONE PENETROMETER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121240</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A LIGHT INEXPENSIVE PORTABLE DYNAMIC CONE PENETROMETER IS SUGGESTED AS A VALUABLE TOOL FOR THE RAPID DETERMINATION OF IN-SITU CBR IN THE RANGE OF 1.50. VARIOUS CONE PENETROMETERS HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED. THE DYNAMIC CONE PENETROMETER IS A MODIFIED AND SIMPLIFIED VERSION OF THE PENETROMETER USED BY THE COUNTRY ROADS BOARD, AUSTRALIA, AND CAN BE USED DOWN TO A DEPTH OF 1 METER. A 3MM MODEL IS ALSO AVAILABLE. USES OF THE DCP INCLUDE THE DETERMINATION OF ROAD FOUNDATION CBR AND THE DETECTION OF SOFT PATCHES OR HOLLOWS IN EARTH FILLS OR UNDER FIXED OBJECTS LIKE AN EXISTING FOOTING. IT CAN ALSO BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH A HAND AUGER AS A USEFUL TOOL FOR QUICK TERRAIN EVALUATION. /A/RRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Jul 1970 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121240</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SOIL VARIABILITY AND ITS EFFECTS ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121238</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A STUDY WAS MADE OF SOIL VARIANCE AS IT PERTAINS TO DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE TYPE PAVEMENTS. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT SOIL VARIANCE IS A FUNCTION OF THE PROPERTY BEING MEASURED AND THAT, IN SO FAR AS DESIGN OF PAVEMENTS IS CONCERNED, ITS SIGNIFICANCE IS DEPENDENT ON TRAFFIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AT THE SITE. A METHOD FOR SELECTING A DESIGN VALUE FROM AN ARRAY OF SOIL DATA IS PRESENTED. THIS ANALYSIS INDICATED THAT THE OPTIMUM DESIGN VALUE IS GENERALLY, BUT NOT ALWAYS, LESS THAN THE MEAN TEST VALUE AND THAT IT IS DEPENDENT ON TRAFFIC, ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, SOIL VARIABILITY, CONSTRUCTION VARIABILITY AND PAVEMENT COSTS. GUIDE LINES FOR SAMPLING AND SELECTION OF SOIL STRENGTH VALUES ARE PRESENTED. THESE ARE BASED ON THE FACTORS OF TRAFFIC, ANTICIPATED DEGREE OF SATURATION, AND SOIL VARIANCE. /RRL/A/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 May 1970 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121238</guid>
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