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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>OPTIMAL SPATIAL SAMPLING TECHNIQUES FOR GROUND TRUTH DATA IN MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF SOIL MOISTURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/71943</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Microwave remote sensing of soil moisture is currently being explored by a series of both active and passive experiments with the sensor output then related to soil moisture laboratory measurements made on field-collected samples taken at the time of microwave data acquisition.  In addition to diurnal variation, soil moisture varies widely with surface location and depth; furthermore, the cost of sample extraction increases markedly with depth.  Therefore it is desirable to identify sampling techniques which give acceptable statistical validity while minimizing the effort involved in sample extraction.  Data from an extensive soil sample collection program carried out in April, 1976 near Perry-Topeka, Kansas were used as input to five statistical sampling tests based on both simple random sampling and stratified sampling.  In addition to the relation between desired sample size and depth, the tests were applied to various field cell sizes corresponding to the resolution cell of the microwave remote sensor; field cells ranging from 2.5 to 40 acres in size were considered, and depths to 45 cm were included.  If the total number of samples taken during a ground truth mission can be prespecified, then stratified sampling based on optimal allocation is to be preferred; otherwise, simple random sampling should be used. As an example, in the top 0-1 cm layer of a 20-acre field, 35 soil samples would be required using simple random sampling whereas only 19 samples would be required using optimal allocation stratified sampling.  This reduction in the number of samples is a consequence of the higher, weighting assigned to the surface layers which exhibit the greatest soil moisture variability with spatial position. /Author/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Apr 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/71943</guid>
    </item>
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      <title>PRACTICAL OIL SENSOR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/52987</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The two wavelength active monostatic infrared sensor detects the anomalous dispersion that occurs in petroleum products as a result of the carbon-hydrogen stretch bands near 3.4 micrometers.  By ratioing the reflected power received at the two wavelengths the quotient is a signature proportional to reflectivity only, being independent of common mode effects such as range and time variable surface roughness caused by waves.  Field tests were successfully conducted on both inland and ocean waters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jun 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/52987</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL AIRBORNE LASER REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM FOR THE DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF OIL SPILLS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/52988</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Earlier work in analyzing fluorescence properties of oils and oil slicks led to a program for further developing remote sensing of oil spills using laser-excited oil fluoresence.  As part of the program an analysis of the airborne operational and environmental system requirements resulted in a system definition, the establishment of a set of component specifications, system assembly and testing. Twenty-five different oil samples were prepared and measured.  Tests were conducted in-house and in the field, and resulted are reported.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jun 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/52988</guid>
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      <title>OIL SLICK DETECTION BY X-BAND SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/52989</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The results of two oil slick detection experiments made with an X-band real time synthetic aperture radar are presented. In each case the slicks were small, on the order of 0.2 to 0.6 square Km., and they were detected in calm seas, with wind speeds of less than 5 knots.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jun 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/52989</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>TIMING OF GROUND TRUTH ACQUISITION DURING REMOTE ASSESSMENT OF SOIL-WATER CONTENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/37262</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Remote sensing of soil-water content is, at present, limited to the top few centimeters of soil. During a diurnal cycle the near-surface water content undergoes rather wide diurnal fluctuations. Data from five experiments on Avondale loam at Phoenix, Arizona, at various times of the year demonstrated that soil samples taken between 1100 and 1200 hours (MST) best represented the 24 hour average soil-water content. Also, the average of the daily maximum and minimum water contents closely approximated the 24 hour average. The data showed that time of sampling was an important criterion when obtaining ground truth in remote sensing of soil-water content.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Aug 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/37262</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>SPECTRAL SIGNATURE SELECTION FOR MAPPING UNVEGETATED SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/36071</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airborne multispectral scanner data covering the wavelength interval from 0.40-2.60 millimicrons were collected at an altitude of 1000 m above the terrain in southeastern Pennsylvania.  Uniform training areas were selected within three sites from this flightline.  These training areas were field mapped as Berks, Duffield and Penn soils.  Soil samples were collected from each site and a procedure developed to allow assignment of scan line and element number from the multispectral scanner data to each sampling location.  These soil samples were analyzed on a Beckman DK-2A Spectrophotometer and laboratory spectral signatures derived.  After correcting for solar radiation and atmospheric attenuation, these laboratory signatures were compared to the spectral signatures derived from these same soils using multispectral scanner data.  Both signatures were used in supervised and unsupervised classification routines.  Computer-generated maps using the laboratory and multispectral scanner derived signatures resulted in maps that were similar to maps resulting from field surveys.  Approximately 90% agreement was obtained between classification maps produced using multispectral scanner derived signatures and laboratory derived signatures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Mar 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/36071</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>USE OF TELEVISION FOR REMOTE SENSING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/34577</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A system was put together that could be used to video record the actual path of the aircraft over the terrain and retain the video for comparison with the flight line map and comparison with other data recorded on the same flight. By installing television monitors at the sensor operator positions, the television system could be used for the training of the operators in the use of infrared scanners. With the installation of nonimaging sensor systems that are flown under nonphotographic conditions, it has become evident that television provides a suitable sensor system for comparing the nonimaging system data with the data that has been obtained simultaneously with the television system. The use of television as a sensor was extended when it was recognized that the spectral sensitivity of television in the blue and green spectral regions made it extremely useful for oil spill studies.  The test programs that were carried out at the Canada Center for Remote Sensing have clearly indicated that television is a very useful sensor system for navigation, flight path recovery for postflight comparison, and training, and that it should be an integral part of any system for oil spill monitoring.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Dec 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/34577</guid>
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      <title>INTERPRETATION OF AN URBAN SCENE USING MULTI-CHANNEL RADAR IMAGERY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/34578</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Four channel, SLAR imagery was studied by a group of individuals having no previous experience with either SLAR imagery or the urban area under scrutiny.  This tactic was used because it was desired to define the nature of training needed when introducing people to radar imagery of urban scenes.  Several types of urban land use were easily and accurately identified.  These included residential areas, linear transportation features, large water features and some commercial districts.  It is shown that little formal training is required for obtaining quite high interpretation accuracies from multi-channel radar images of some urban scenes.  The rationale for multispectral radar is thus considered to be soundly based.  However, a classification scheme for land use of urban areas, which will be applicable to both radar image interpretation and the needs of urban scientists, still needs to be developed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Dec 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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