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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>A MEDICAL TEAM FOR RACING EVENTS AND ITS EFFECT ON RACING REGULATIONS AND SAFETY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/189629</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper deals with racing regulations regarding safety. In 1969 some doctors and nurses in Linkoeping started a medical team for racing events and some years later the organization had extended all over Sweden and was given the name medical security team.  Their work and equipment are described.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/189629</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A REVIEW OF ROAD ACCIDENT CASUALTIES TREATED IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT, LINKOEPING, BETWEEN 1976 AND 1980</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/189630</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the period 1976 to 1980, 173 patients were treated for multiple injuries after road accidents.  Frequency and patient characteristic injuries, treatment and hospitalization time are described in this paper. Regarding complications, 7% of the patients developed adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and 4% as lethal ARDS constituted the main fatal complication.  In 11% there were other cardiovascular and/or pulmonary complications and 2.3% of the patients died from these complications. Infections developed in 6.4% of the patients and pneumonia dominated, but only 1.7% had fatal infections.  Hepatorenal insufficiency with icterus or renal insufficiency was seen in 3.5% of the patients and one sixth of these were fatal. Bleeding complications (2.9%) and cerebral complications (1.7%) had no mortality.  The overall mortality was 13.8%. The highest mortality was caused directly by a cerebral injury (5.8%).  4% of the patients died in ARDS. Cardiovascular and pulmonary causes (excel ARDS) were 2.3%, infections 1.7%, and multiple organ failure was registered in 0.6.% of the patients.  The conclusions are: (1) ARDS is a complication with the highest mortality, (2) the frequency of multiple injuries after road accidents seems to decrease with speed limitations, and (3) with intensified treatment and prophylaxis the mortality rate can be reduced among casualties with injury severity score between 30 and 50. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/189630</guid>
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      <title>INITIAL MANAGEMENT OF THE MULTITRAUMATIZED PATIENT WITHIN THE HOSPITAL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/189631</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper deals with how to take care of a multitraumatized patient in a professional way.  First of all the vital functions, mainly circulation and ventilation, are examined. Secondly complications must be prevented and remaining functions must be saved.  Examples of that are ventilation and oxygenation for a severe head injury or drainage of a tension pneumothorax.  Further, pain must be relieved and special treatment, like stopping of external haemorrhage, be performed.  Finally it is stated that it is of great importance to coordinate all the therapeutic suggestions made by the different specialists called on to take part in the treatment.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/189631</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PRINCIPLES OF SHOCK AND NUTRITION TREATMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/189632</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the severely injured patient the treatment must be started immediately in the emergency room with administration of fluids and controlling of the ventilation. Once the airway is controlled, ventilation is adequate and external bleeding has been stopped, the cardiovascular condition must be controlled.  A shock can be due to cardiac failure, reduced circulatory blood volume or septic shock. Pump failure should be suspected in any patient in shock generally with hypotension whose extremities are cool, pale or clammy and whose veins are distended.  However, in the majority of the trauma cases, the shock is due to reduced circulatory blood volume from internal haemorrhage.  Septic shock is extremely unusual in the early period after trauma. Later on, however, the development of multisystemic failure, usually from sepsis, results in death for many traffic accident patients who survive their initial injuries. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/189632</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NEUROSURGICAL EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT IN THE MULTITRAUMATIZED PATIENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/189633</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Studies have shown that prognosis in cases of severe head injury is closely related to the treatment before the patient arrives at the hospital.  An undamaged brain is very resistant to changes in blood pressure and to a certain grade of hypoxia/ischemia.  An injured brain has, however, lost part of this autoregulating home-static capacity.  It is therefore of utmost importance to secure free airways and an oxygenation in every person with a suspected brain injury.  The cerebral intensive care, which starts when the patient has arrived at the hospital, has a twofold purpose: (1) to prevent establishment of a dangerous level of icp (intracranial pressure) and (2) to detect, as early as possible, any surgically treatable haematoma or other intracranial expansivity.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/189633</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FRACTURES OF THE JAWS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/189634</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper three case studies are described dealing with the treatment of severe jaw fractures.  It is stressed that treatment of these fractures ought to be performed as early as possible.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/189634</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>THORACIC INJURIES IN SOUTHERN SWEDEN. A SURVEY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/189635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this investigation patients with thoracic injuries were studied.  The figures are gathered from the Department of Surgery, Linkoeping, between the years 1976-1980 and from the national registry of diagnoses 1977.  Only patients alive on arrival at the hospital and admitted to a ward are included.  Causes of injury, type of thoracic injury and number of registered diagnoses, ie, injuries after blunt thoracic trauma, in southern Sweden 1977 are listed in tabulated form.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/189635</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DIAGNOSES AND MANAGEMENT OF ABDOMINAL INJURIES IN MULTITRAUMATIZED PATIENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/189636</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Abdominal injuries in multitraumatized patients are rather common.  They are easily overlooked, mainly because even a severe abdominal injury initially may give very few or even no symptoms or clinical signs.  The most important is, therefore, clinical observation and early diagnosis.  If these injuries are primarily diagnosed and accurately treated, the results are good and most of the patients can be brought back to a normal life.  On the other hand, if they are not primarily diagnosed and the treatment delayed, the results are poor and many of the patients will succumb in septic or late abdominal complications.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/189636</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MANAGEMENT OF INJURIES TO THE GENITO-URINARY TRACT IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE TRAUMA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/189637</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Multiple trauma frequently involves the genitourinary tract. Haematuria, appearance of blood at the urethral meatus and fractures, particularly of the lower ribs and pelvis, draw the attention to the possibility of urological injury. Injuries dealt with in this paper are: (1) injury to the ureter, (2) bladder and urethra injuries and (3) injuries to the scrotum, penis and testicle.  Prophylactic antibiotic therapy is not indicated in urological injuries.  Frequent bacteriological examination of the urine should be made, and an appropriate antibiotic given if infection develops. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/189637</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TREATMENT OF BONE AND SOFT TISSUES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/189638</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The treatment of bone and soft tissues can be divided into two time periods, one primary, ie, from 0 to 6 hours and one secondary, ie, from 6 h to 14 days.  In patients with fractures only, the definitive fracture treatment should be done during the primary period.  In cases with open fractures or injury to other organs (brain, thorax, abdomen, etc) the definitive fracture treatment has to be postponed to the secondary period.  Results from a series of patients with multiple fractures of the lower extremity showed a mortality of 16%.  Fracture of the femur had a good prognosis but fractures of the tibia had a high frequency of pseudoarthrosis and infections.  In these cases internal fixation of the fracture was used frequently. Thus the frequency of complications to the tibia fracture may be lessened by the use of the Hoffman apparatus.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/189638</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VASCULAR INJURIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/189639</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Injuries to the major blood vessels may be very serious in the multitraumatized patient.  It is therefore important to recognize the signs of the vascular injury.  Typical signs of major vascular injury can be hypovolemic shock, a significant external bleeding or an expanding haematoma. Vascular injury must also be suspected in any wound in the vicinity of a major blood vessel, especially if at the same time there is a neurological deficit, unexplained ischemia or loss of distant pulses.  A complete vascular examination is therefore very important when handling a multitraumatized patient.  Beside a common clinical examination it can be very helpful to use a Doppler ultrasonic device to detect vascular lesions.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/189639</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INJURY PATTERNS AND LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES OF ACCIDENTS WITH TWO WHEELERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/189640</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In a clinical study 182 patients were examined after being involved in traffic accidents with two wheelers.  The typical injury patterns and the results of these injuries were established.  The severity of these injuries was related in accordance with the abbreviated injury scale. The most severe injuries occurred in the region of the abdomen, the chest and the neck, nevertheless these regions of the body were relatively rarely involved.  Head injuries were more frequent and 50% of all injuries were related to the lower extremities.  On trying to reduce the degree of damage to the lower extremities three different concepts may be pursued: (1) the wearing of complete leather clothing in safety colours should be enforced by law at least for the motorcyclists.  This would probably decrease the degree of contamination of open fractures by keeping off street dirt, grass, etc. (2) Modification of the aggressive exterior of cars must be carried out with special consideration for the great aggressivity of the front region of passenger cars. (3) New developments in the field of passive safety for motorcycles such as the airbag and improved protective leg guards should be considered in the production series. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/189640</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, ARDS, AFTER ROAD ACCIDENTS. A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY IN LINKOEPING, 1976-1980</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/189641</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to analyse the possible predisposing factors in the development of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), data from patients with ards were compared to those from non-ARDS patients. The examined group consisted of multiple injured patients from road accidents treated in the intensive care unit.  The mortality in the ARDS-group was 66,7% and all patients above 60 years died.  Of the ARDS patients dying, all but one died in respiratory insufficiency.  Those ARDS patients who died in ARDS succumbed after progressive pulmonary deterioration, mostly a week after the respiratory insufficiency started.  In the non-ARDS group the mortality was 9,9% and here the cerebal injuries dominated as the fatal cause.  The conclusions are: (1) the ARDS-patients have a higher injury severity score than the non-ARDS patients, (2) mortality in ARDS is still very high, especially in elderly patients and (3) early internal fixation of fractures seems to be of great importance in preventing ARDS.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/189641</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LATER PERFORATION OF THE INTESTINE AFTER BLUNT ABDOMINAL TRAUMA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/189642</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Abdominal trauma of different types may cause small non-perforated haematoma-like lesions in the intestinal wall, often occurring at multiple sites.  These intramural haemorrhages have been observed after traffic accidents and might even be caused by seat-belts.  The aim of the study presented in the paper is to describe etiological mechanisms, the clinical significance and the risk for late perforation of the haemorrhages.  The study was performed on young pigs of about 20 kg bw, which were anaesthetized and kept under general anaesthesia all through the experiment. It was found that intramural haemorrhages of the intestines occurred after both blunt and missile trauma.  Though, it is indicated that there is a biological impact threshold which must be exceeded if an impact should result in injuries to live tissues.  The risk for secondary perforation of the haemorrhages seems to be in the range of 5%, which should be compared with a high risk for postoperative complications if multiple resections are performed.  The risk for perforation also seems to be higher if the lesions are more than 10 mm in size.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/189642</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PHOSPHATE METABOLISM IN SEVERELY INJURED PATIENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/189643</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper is dealing with serum phosphate (s-p) variations and the concentrations of organic phosphate (pi) and high energy phosphates (hep) of muscle tissue in 30 severely injured patients.  The results of blood-samples and muscle biopsies taken 2, 4, 8 and 30 days after trauma were compared to the results of 14 non-traumatized control patients.  All injured patients got 3200 kcal/day and 25 to 50 mmol phosphate/day parenterally the first week after trauma.  It is concluded that s-p-decrease probably due to urinary losses and a shift from extracellular volume to intracellular volume occurred despite an adequate phosphate supply.  Profound hypophosphatemia, however, was prevented and s-p was found to be normal after the first week.  In muscle tissue there was a decrease of pi leading to decreased levels of hep, despite normal s-p-concentrations. This could be due to cellular losses of phosphate in the catabolic period and also to an inability of the cells to utilize the phosphate available in serum.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/189643</guid>
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