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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. REPORT FROM THE NETHERLANDS --PIARC XVIII WORLD ROAD CONGRESS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, SEPTEMBER 13-19, 1987</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/296573</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report outlines research carried out in the Netherlands on: (1) practicial design -the shell pavement design manual 1978 is the most widely applied method.  In 1985 an addendum was published which gives instruction regarding the safety factors which have to be taken into account.  These relate to the climate, the traffic, and the properties of the sub-base, sub-grade and asphalt mixtures; (2) pavement performance -pavement management systems -the systems of pavement management are based on visual inspection.  Using performance models for ravelling, evenness, crack formation and edge damage, the timing is determined at which maintenance needs to be carried out.  Using a planning system, 4 maintenance periods are distinguished.  The maintenance to be carried out within 1-5 years is selected with the aid of a decision matrix and a cost-benefit analysis; (3) bituminous binders -the present standards date from 1978.  Tests on the addition of sulphur have shown that the method of adding it affects the final result.  No practical application has taken place.  Test sections using high pi bitumens, additions of polymers and 25% trinidad-epure have not yet led to any conclusions; (4) traditional and non-traditional bituminous materials -AS Evidenced by the friction history of wearing courses of dense asphalt concrete and porous asphalt, a standard for the polished stone value for crushed stone of about 53 is adequate.  The traffic safety and financial aspects of porous asphalt were analysed and areas were indentified regarding where better information was considered desirable. In connection with this, in 1986 stretches of porous asphalt of greater length were laid on motorways; (6) non-convential materials -in 1983 research was initiated into the potential for using construction and demolition waste.  The conclusions concern the material properties and specifications for concrete rubble granulate.  Similar research was carried out into the use of coal fly ashes in sand cement stabilisation.  Guidelines for the use of refuse incineration clinkers were drawn up; (7) thermoregenerations, recycling of bituminous coated materials on site and in mixing plants -research was carried out into the effect of the structure of the mixing cycle and the spread in the composition of old asphalt on the composition of the mix of partially regenerated asphalt and into the use of asphalt in crushed asphalt cement for road bases; (8) equipment -experience has been gained with respect to filling ruts with emulsion concrete and with hot asphalt using the sanimat method.  Developments took place in the area of repairing cracks and longitudinal joints. Research was carried out into the use of drum mixers.  In connection with the partial re-use of asphalt, in the case of certain conventional asphalt mixing plants, parallel drums were installed.(a) for the covering abstracts of the congress see IRRD 812115 and 812116.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Apr 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/296573</guid>
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      <title>CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. REPORT FROM FRANCE --PIARC XVIII WORLD ROAD CONGRESS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, SEPTEMBER 13-19, 1987</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/296574</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report first describes the progress of the major pavement construction and maintenance programmes in France (coordinated overlays, preventive maintenance, the construction of new main road and motorway pavements) and presents the evolution since the last congress of the permanent assessment of the behavior of the pavement structures of the national road network.  It presents the methods used for verification of practical design methods, in particular the lcpc circular test track.  New methods of pavement surveillance are presented, along with new methods of constituting road data banks appropriate to secondary roads. The operational use of the national road network data bank in the establishment of preventive maintenance programs is assessed.  Changes have taken place in the way bitumens are prepared, and the work done to establish new specifications.  This is followed by quantitative data showing the substantial growth of the use of modified bitumens and bitumens with rubber fillers.  The evolution of the formulation of bituminous concretes is described showing how it has responded to observations of their behavior and to changes in the properties of the bitumens.  The current state of the use of self-draining bituminous mixes is discussed, and four families of thin-layer surfacings (25 mm or less) are presented.  The report then describes how unbound granular materials are used in motorway pavements and presents the work undertaken to establish regional aggregates policies that take into account the industrial consequences of more extensive use of marginal local aggregates.  The present use of repaving and recycling of bituminous materials is presented.  In the area of equipment, results are presented that illustrate the current difficulty of mastering the ageing of bitumens during mixing.  The report describes the work done to improve the equipment used for small localized road repairs, presents a new item of equipment for the preparation of cold-laid mixes that offers better performance, and describes French experience with high-compacting-power finishers.  The report presents an assessment of pavement behavior during the thaw that followed the winter of 1984-85, which was very severe, especially in western and southwestern France, which can be used to judge the effectiveness of the frost protection methods used on the national road network and of the closures imposed on secondary roads.  Finally, there is a review of the policy followed with respect to the use of semi-rigid pavements, a statement of the results of the work done to prevent the transmission of shrinkage cracks to the pavement surface, and mention of the introduction of two powerful special machines for the in-situ reprocessing with cement of old flexible pavements.  For the covering abstracts of the congress see IRRD 812115 and 812116.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Apr 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/296574</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. REPORT FROM MOROCCO --PIARC XVIII WORLD ROAD CONGRESS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, SEPTEMBER 13-19, 1987</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/296575</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report describes the methodology used to compare several maintenance planning alternatives for the road network in Morocco.  The analysis compared a reference scenario representing optimum maintenance with several alternatives requiring less work but which would leave the network in an inferior condition.  The basic data used in the analysis are listed and the cser computer program used for evaluating work quantities, condition variations and vehicle operating costs, is described.  For the covering abstracts of the congress see IRRD 812115 and 812116.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Apr 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/296575</guid>
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      <title>CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. REPORT FROM MEXICO --PIARC XVIII WORLD ROAD CONGRESS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, SEPTEMBER 13-19, 1987</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/296576</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Increased gross weights and axle loads of trucks make it necessary to extend the present design method in order to include new information for the construction of stronger, and yet still economical, pavements.  A new design criterion is in the development stage, which involves theoretical analysis of existing information and some experimental research, both in the field and in the laboratory.  Research is underway on the fatigue and rutting characteristics of bituminous mixes, as well as on improved methods to characterise these materials.  Emphasis will be placed on pavement performance in hot climates similar to those which prevail in Mexico.  Also studies of the structural behaviour of untreated granular road bases are being carried out.  The paper describes the fatigue performance of various full scale pavements, tested in the circular test track of the institute of engineering, unam.  Also, information is included on a failure criterion for the characterisation of granular road bases.(a) for the covering abstracts of the congress see IRRD 812115 and 812116.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Apr 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/296576</guid>
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      <title>CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. REPORT FROM BRAZIL --PIARC XVIII WORLD ROAD CONGRESS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, SEPTEMBER 13-19, 1987</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/296577</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Research in Brazil has been concentrated on: (1) pavement performance and pavement management systems: periodic inventory based on measurements, use of pavement performance prediction models to estimate future pavement conditions, determination of the optimum time and maintenance strategy, annual and pluri-annual maintenance programmes taking into account economic benefits and financial constraints.  A "sufficiency" index is used to establish a priority criterion for application of limited existing resources; (2) bituminous binders, in particular asphalt cements and cationic emulsions; (3) traditional and non-traditional bituminous materials; (4) untreated stablized layers; (5) non conventional materials such as industrial wastes (fly ash, expanded clay aggregates); (6) repaving, recycling of bituminous materials in situ and in the mixing plant; (7) equipment: drum-mixer plant for hot coated materials, mobile plant for the production of expanded clay-type aggregates. For the covering abstracts of the congress see IRRD 812115 and 812116.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Apr 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/296577</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. REPORT FROM CZECHOSLOVAKIA --PIARC XVIII WORLD ROAD CONGRESS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, SEPTEMBER 13-19, 1987</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/296578</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study of a series of research themes to permit the more efficient usage of resources for the construction and reconstruction of bituminous pavements, was completed recently at the research centres.  For the design of pavements more accurate input data has been made available. For design load the degree of vehicle utilization is taken into consideration, and measured results concerning the distribution of vehicles within the road cross section.  Old scarified or milled asphalt mixes are successfully used in the production of coated materials.  Further information has been obtained on permanent deformations.  Measures to limit the transfer of cracks from cement stabilised base courses to the surfacing are introduced.(a) for the covering abstracts of the congress see IRRD 812115 and 812116.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Apr 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/296578</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. REPORT FROM AUSTRIA --PIARC XVIII WORLD ROAD CONGRESS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, SEPTEMBER 13-19, 1987</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/296579</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report outlines research activities in Austria in the fields of: (1) practical design -in 1986 the reviewed specifications rvs 3.631 for the design of both flexible and rigid pavements were issued.  They also include pavement design regulations for cement concrete bridges; (2) pavement performance -pavement management systems -data banks including data describing the actual state of the road network are at a rudimentary stage.  No rules of intervention for pavement maintenance and overlays have been laid down so far; (3) bituminous binders -for road bitumen grades a maximum wax content of 2% wt and a minimum value for adhesion between a reference stone material and the binder were included in these specifications.  Novophalt, olexobit and styrelf 13 are regularly used as polymermodified binders; (4) traditional and non-traditional bituminous materials -nominal sizes of stone material for bituminous base courses are up to 32 mm, higher amounts of crushed stone material up to 100% are favoured for heavily trafficked road sections.  Polymermodified binders are used occasionally.  For wearing courses conventional asphaltic concrete, "gussasphalt", very thin overlays or draining courses with sami are used.  Much experience has been gained with very thin overlays on cement concrete using polymermodified binders; (5) untreated stabilized layers - in recent years wet mixed crushed materials have increasingly been used for heavily trafficked road sections; (6) non-conventional materials -only steel slags have been used frequently for all kinds of hot mixes; (7) thermoregeneration, recycling of bituminous coated materials -specifications were issued at the end of 1985 (rvs 8.626). They include recycling on site and in the mixing plant. Gussasphalt repaving (restoration) has been used very successfully since 1985.  When recycled, bituminous coated materials meet the requirements concerning both hot mix quality and quality of laid courses: they perform comparably with both conventional hot mixes and conventional courses; (8) equipment -drum-mixers are still under discussion.  The development of equipment for thermoregeneration largely depends on the future expansion of this technique.(a) for the covering abstracts of the congress see IRRD 812115 and 812116.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Apr 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/296579</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. REPORT FROM SPAIN --PIARC XVIII WORLD ROAD CONGRESS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, SEPTEMBER 13-19, 1987</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/296580</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Spanish national report sets out in its introduction the general criteria for, and the part so far written of, what is to be the new catalogue of structural cross-sections of road pavements and the basis for the revision of the technical specifications for each course and the insertion of new specifications not included in the edition currently in force.  The remaining sections summarise recent experience in Spain, including new specifications for bituminous binders and current criteria for the formulation of traditional asphalt mixes, as well as the new regulations for cold asphalt mixes, slurry seals and cold-mix sand asphalts.  Details are given of spain's experience in recycling and in the use of drum-mixer plant.  The present criteria for the design and construction of materials stabilised with cement are outlined.  Finally, it should be mentioned that at the time of writing, the whole of the regulations mentioned was the subject of intensive work with a view to their revision being completed this year.  This has made it impossible to anticipate some modifications which will doubtless be in force by the time the Brussels congress takes place in 1987.(a) for the covering abstracts of the congress see IRRD 812115 and 812116.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Apr 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/296580</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. REPORT FROM NORWAY --PIARC XVIII WORLD ROAD CONGRESS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, SEPTEMBER 13-19, 1987</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/296581</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Work aimed at developing a design system based on deflection measurements is now in progress.  Dynaflect and the falling weight deflectometer are being employed in field tests and to take measurements.  A monitoring system for road sections in the existing road network has been established. Equipment for monitoring pavement condition has been designed and is in use.  A pavement quality data bank system has been developed and will be incorporated in the new road data bank which is under development.  A computer program has been developed which will choose between a bituminous or a concrete pavement on financial grounds.  The use of soft bitumen (viscosity range 500-20000 mm2/s at 60 deg c) in bituminous mixes for roads with a low volume of traffic is increasing.  Soft bitumen has also been used in open graded pavements.  Modified binders are for the most part used only on a minor scale on a trial basis.  One major trial has been conducted on an air base.  Open graded (porous) surfaces for heavily trafficked roads are undergoing testing.  Base layers containing water-susceptible fines have been successfully stabilised with bitumen.  A new type of dust-collecting filter for drum mixers, which uses the raw aggregate as a filtering medium, has been designed. Designing pavements which are resistant to wear and tear from studded tyres is a high priority research task.  High quality aggregates and binding agents are essential in this connection.(a) for the covering abstracts of the congress see IRRD 812115 and 812116.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Apr 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/296581</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. REPORT FROM THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY --PIARC XVIII WORLD ROAD CONGRESS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, SEPTEMBER 13-19, 1987</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/296582</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rsto 86 (guidelines for pavement standardization) has been prepared in accordance with traffic load and local rsto factors.  The trafficked area of pavements is designed using a standard procedure.  The selection of construction methods and maintenance schemes is carried out on the basis of technical and economical criteria and depends very much on the costs of road construction and maintenance.  As part of research projects, the ageing behaviour of bituminous binders has been studied with regard to the production, storage and processing of asphalt.  New test methods were developed.  Polymer-modified binders are used in wearing courses for traffic areas that are particularly highly stressed.  After many years of testing, the stone-filled mastic asphalt procedure has been adopted in technical regulations as a standard construction method.  The deformation and low temperature behaviour of asphalts has been studied as part of several research projects.  For roadbases without binders, as alternatives to bonded roadbases, additional requirements are imposed.  Alternative construction materials such as industrial by-products and reclaimed construction materials must satisfy the same requirements as conventional construction materials. Questions regarding quality criteria and environmental compatibility are under discussion.  The re-use of asphalt at worksites was further developed.  The possibilities for the comprehensive re-use of asphalt are not yet completely exhausted; material and technical questions relating to machinery are largely solved.  Finishers with high-compaction beams have been developed for the production and compaction of bituminous courses.  It was possible to compile initial information regarding the use of ice-inhibiting wearing courses.(a) for the covering abstracts of the congress see IRRD 812115 and 812116.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Apr 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/296582</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. REPORT FROM THE STATE OF KUWAIT --PIARC XVIII WORLD ROAD CONGRESS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, SEPTEMBER 13-19, 1987</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/296583</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The work, in the state of Kuwait, in the field of construction and maintenance of flexible pavement is reported under the relevant headings.  The philosophy adopted in developing a pavement design manual for Kuwait is defined and the testing program in addition to the procedure by which this development has been achieved is reported. Developments towards improvements in asphalt performance under local environments are discussed.  This includes the modification of asphalt by use of rubber and/or sulphur, cement coating of local aggregates in order to improve the interlocking and the affinity of bitumen to these aggregates, as well as the development of coarse aggregate skeleton to produce an open textured material.  The use of the cement stabilization in road pavement in addition to the introduction of sandwich layers have been reported, and a stronger structure has been developed by combination of both systems.  Also, work on recycling asphalt concrete and additions to improve its quality has been reported.(a) for the covering abstracts of the congress see IRRD 812115 and 812116.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Apr 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/296583</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. REPORT FROM PORTUGAL --PIARC XVIII WORLD ROAD CONGRESS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, SEPTEMBER 13-19, 1987</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/296584</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report summarizes the main features of the direction taken in Portugal in the domain of pavement design methods and the new developments which have taken place since last congress in Sydney 1983.  Particular attention is focused on composite construction pavements and bituminous road bases. It also takes account of the equipment acquired to study pavements performance.(a) for the covering abstracts of the congress see IRRD 812115 and 812116.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Apr 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/296584</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. REPORT FROM JAPAN --PIARC XVIII WORLD ROAD CONGRESS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, SEPTEMBER 13-19, 1987</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/296585</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report deals with the following aspects: (1) practical design -(1) a practical pavement design method for lightly trafficked roads is described; (2) the current situation of traffic loads in Japan and its application in the design of pavements is described.  (2) pavement performance -pavement management systems -a pavement management system developed to programme pavement rehabilitation projects for expressways, is presented.  (3) bituminous binders - pavements in Japan are subject to plastic flow at high temperatures in the summer, and to rutting due to wearing by studded tyres in snowy areas.  To cope with such severe conditions, the following improved asphalts have been developed.  (1) semi-blown asphalt (ac-100) (flow resistant) (2) rubberized asphalt (tsukuba no.1) (wear and flow resistant).  (4) traditional and non-traditional bituminous materials -a permeable sidewalk pavement developed to improve walking conditions in rainy weather and the environment for vegetation, is described.  (6) non-conventional materials -quality specifications, and the design procedure for the use of steel slag as an asphalt mixture or base material, are described.  (7) thermoregeneration and recycling of bituminous coated materials on the site and in mixing plants -central plant recycling, surface recycling, and in-place surface and base recycling are described in the reutilization of material recovered from existing pavements in Japan.  (10) semi-rigid pavements and mixed structure pavements -application of semi-rigid pavements as a means of preventing plastic flow in bus bays on streets and in the vicinity of urban expressway toll gates, is described.(a) for the covering abstracts of the congress see IRRD 812115 and 812116.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Apr 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/296585</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. REPORT FROM THE USSR --PIARC XVIII WORLD ROAD CONGRESS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, SEPTEMBER 13-19, 1987</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/296586</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report describes the design and construction methods for bases and pavements with soils and aggregates treated with bituminous binders and their non-uniform distribution over the depth of a layer.  Pavement strength analysis considering the effect of heavy vehicles and the estimation of optimum service life of pavements up to major and medium repairs are given.  The influence of bitumen properties on the quality of asphalt concrete and also the possibility of production of stockpiled asphalt concrete are examined. Bitumen emulsions are now used for mixture preparation and for surface dressings.  The revision of specifications for aggregates used without processing concern their grading, strength, frost-resistance and quantity of impurities, with differentiation according to the conditions of usage.  The wide utilisation of local materials and industrial wastes is intended.  Information about re-using asphalt concretes and about measures for cracking prevention is given.(a) for the covering abstracts of the congress see IRRD 812115 and 812116.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Apr 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/296586</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. REPORT FROM THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA --PIARC XVIII WORLD ROAD CONGRESS, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, SEPTEMBER 13-19, 1987</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/296587</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes a design method developed in China for flexible pavements which incorporates inorganic materials and industrial residues for the stabilization of soil and granular materials in bases and sub-bases.  Details are given of measures developed for the prevention and treatment of cracks caused by the shrinkage of pavement materials. For the covering abstracts of the congress see IRRD 812115 and 812116.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Apr 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/296587</guid>
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