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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>PACKING MATERIAL IN JACKED PIPE JOINTS. NO-DIG 89. DEVELOPMENTS UNDERGROUND. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION FOR UTILITIES, LONDON, APRIL 11-14, 1989</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/316063</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Laboratory research has been conducted at Oxford University during the past three years, investigating concrete pipe behaviour during installation by the jacking method.  The work has investigated many aspects of the pipes' ability to be jacked and this paper highlights one aspect of that work, namely the use of packing materials in pipe joints.  The laboratory exercise has been carried out using scale model pipes.  It has investigated joint profiles and differences in their behaviour, and the advantages and disadvantages of using compressible packing materials in the joint.  The effect of misalignment between consecutive pipes and how this influences their ability to transmit jacking load is presented.  Different joint packing materials have been tested to establish their ability to distribute stress concentrations between misaligned pipes and pipes whose ends are not perfectly square to each other.  A summary of allowable jacking loads on model pipes for various deflections is included.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Sep 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/316063</guid>
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      <title>DUCTILE IRON JACKING PIPES. NO-DIG 89. DEVELOPMENTS UNDERGROUND. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION FOR UTILITIES, LONDON, APRIL 11-14, 1989</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/316064</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The forces which act on jacking pipes are described and a review is made of the current designs in ductile iron.  One of the current designs is evaluated by the testing of an instrumentated prototype.  Analysis of the results identifies the strains in the prototype which place a limit on the jacking force.  Further analysis gives the relationship between the limiting jacking force and pipe misalignment.  It is concluded that the prototype design is acceptable.  (Author/TRRL))]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Sep 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/316064</guid>
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      <title>SITE INVESTIGATION RELATED TO TRENCHLESS TECHNIQUES. NO-DIG 89. DEVELOPMENTS UNDERGROUND. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION FOR UTILITIES, LONDON, APRIL 11-14, 1989</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/316065</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In considering site investigations for trenchless installations, sight is often lost of the fact that techniques range over a wide spectrum of sophistication and cost.  Installed diameters range from typically 25 mm to 1500 mm.  Similarly line installation costs vary from about 10/m up to some  1500/m.  There is an even wider range of plant capital costs which may start at a few hundred pounds rising to perhaps half a million for some of the more sophisticated microtunnelling equipment.  As might be expected there is a correspondingly large variation in the attitude to site investigation and the finance allocated to its implementation.  Despite all these variations, the primary objects of site investigation are the same in all cases.  These are considered in terms of risks involved and appropriate site investigation.  The ground conditions and suitability of various trenchless techniques (pipe jacking, microtunnelling, auger boring, impact framing, directional drilling, impact moling, set cutting and thrust boring) are also presented.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Sep 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/316065</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>THE TECHNICAL PROBLEMS OF UNDERGROUND DETECTIONS. NO-DIG 89. DEVELOPMENTS UNDERGROUND. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION FOR UTILITIES, LONDON, APRIL 11-14, 1989</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/316066</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes nondestructive detection methods for locating underground pipes and cables.  There are three methods:-electromagnetic induction; radar reflection, and acoustic -which are selected according to the depth and kind of the buried service networks.  This paper describes the latest detection methods and some of their problems.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Sep 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/316066</guid>
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      <title>INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS FOR GUIDED BORING. NO-DIG 89. DEVELOPMENTS UNDERGROUND. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION FOR UTILITIES, LONDON, APRIL 11-14, 1989</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/316067</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Guided horizontal boring requires knowing the location of the boring head and where it is directed.  Selection of an instrumentation system to provide this information depends on a number of factors including measurements needed, accuracy required, data rate, range, cost and others.  This paper presents a description of many of the instrumentation systems now in use.  These include: (a) single shot/multi shot survey tools, such as the pajari compass, the abem reflex fotobor and gyroscopic survey tools; (b) steering tools, including wire line steering tools, and downhole probes.  Examples given include the blis system, the sharewell steering tool, and an electro magnetic home to target steering tool used in the guided allied hog hole piercing tool; (c) measurement while drilling (mwd) systems such as the mud pulse, electromagnetic, and acoustic mwd's; and (d) laser targeting systems.  Criteria are presented for selection of systems for different applications, and benefits and limitations of each approach are discussed. Expected future technology advances such as low cost, remote transmitting systems are identified.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Sep 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/316067</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONAL DRILLING APPLICATIONS. NO-DIG 89. DEVELOPMENTS UNDERGROUND. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION FOR UTILITIES, LONDON, APRIL 11-14, 1989</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/316068</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper gives a brief description of the directional drilling process and then goes on to describe a number of completed projects together with details of a new project currently under construction.  The paper aims to show the diversity of applications, the advantages of the method compared with a more conventional solution and the differing ground conditions that have been successfully drilled.  The projects include: (a) the installation of a 425 m x 400 mm diameter gas pipeline beneath the a4 motorway intersection at hoogmade in the Netherlands; and (b) construction of a new gas supply in Newark which required major crossings of the main London to Edinburgh railway line, the river Trent and a railway viaduct for the Nottingham to Lincoln line. The drilling and reaming of the pilot hole in the latter was interesting as over three quarters of the length was through mudstone rock, which required the use of polycrystalline diamond cutter drill bits.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Sep 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/316068</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>HARD ROCK DIRECTIONAL CROSSINGS PROBLEMS SOLVED WITH NEW DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SYSTEMS. NO-DIG 89. DEVELOPMENTS UNDERGROUND. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION FOR UTILITIES, LONDON, APRIL 11-14, 1989</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/316069</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Directionally drilled crossings previously considered impractical in hard rock formations have recently been successfully completed by combining conventional techniques with modified state-of-the-art oil-well directional drilling equipment.  This paper discusses the equipment required, the methods of operation and planning considerations for these hard rock crossings.  Two case histories are summarized to support the merit of the drilling system.  These were: (a) the 3300 ft Newark bay gas pipeline installation which involves drilling through 2600 feet of argillite and sandstone overlain with boulders, cobbles and clay; and (B) the koch pipeline installation crossing the Wisconsin river near stephensville, which involved drilling through 1300 feet of granite covered with boulders, cobbles and sand. The equipment described includes: (a) the drill bit; (b) the fluid or air powered steerable positive displacement drilling motor; (c) measurement while drilling (mwd) directional instrumentation; (d) stabilized drilling assembly; and (e) an on site computer with directional plotting programs.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Sep 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/316069</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>MICROTUNNELLING FOR CONTRACTORS. NO-DIG 89. DEVELOPMENTS UNDERGROUND. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION FOR UTILITIES, LONDON, APRIL 11-14, 1989</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/316070</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aimed mainly at contractors but of interest to all others involved in microtunnelling, this paper covers the broad spectrum of marketing, tendering and execution of contract works using microtunnelling technology.  Reference will be made to the present size of the UK market and how it is developing; the need for contractors to take up new technology and spearhead the marketing effort thus giving clients the confidence to design suitable contracts as well as consider contractors "alternative bids".  Consideration will be given to machine choice and availability, whether to hire, lease or purchase, capitalisation and running costs etc.  Taking as an example a typical crossing contract the paper will detail the tender breakdown, appropriate risk assessment, precontract planning and execution phases. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Sep 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/316070</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OKUMURA-MARKHAM SUPER MINI SHIELD TUNNELLING METHOD. NO-DIG 89. DEVELOPMENTS UNDERGROUND. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION FOR UTILITIES, LONDON, APRIL 11-14, 1989</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/316071</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A micro tunnelling method called super mini micro tunnelling system has been developed and used for many small pipe jacking projects.  The system is designed for jacking clay or concrete pipes of the inside diameter ranging from 250 mm to 500 mm.  This tunnelling method is based on the proven slurry shield technology, and featured by, among others; use of unique temporary pipes, computer-aided control panel and laser guidance system.  With these features, the super mini micro tunnelling system is capable of jacking pipes for more than 150 m with good accuracy, the length of which has been considered too long for any micro tunnelling method. Another important feature is that the shield machine used in this method can be equipped with either a standard cutterhead for excavation in clay, silt and sand or a crusher cutterhead for excavation in dense gravelly ground.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Sep 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/316071</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UK EXPERIENCES AND DEVELOPMENTS OF THE WITTE MICROTUNNELLING MACHINES. NO-DIG 89. DEVELOPMENTS UNDERGROUND. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION FOR UTILITIES, LONDON, APRIL 11-14, 1989</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/316072</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes the witte microtunnelling systems and their application in the United Kingdom.  There are 2 types of system: (a) the non steerable systems, which consist of a hydraulic jacking frame situated in a shaft, pushing pipes, which are normally claywane and a full flight auger and cutting head which transports the spoil back down an auger casing pipe to the jacking pipe.  The leading pipe is equipped with a steel cutting shoe.  Jack forces on the product pipe can be minimised because the auger casing can be jacked independently of the product pipe, and the auger head can be pushed ahead of the cutting shoe; (b) the steerable systems.  There are a number of fully steerable tunnel boring machines.  The unique feature of these machines is that the cutting shoe on the leading edge can be powered rotationally to cut through material up to 8 n per square mm in strength.  An auger then contra rotates, to break up spoil prior to feeding it down the full flight auger back to the thrust pit.  The steering and guidance system provides information in an easily understood format and demonstrates graphically what steering corrections are needed.  Details of the equipment trials undertaken in the United Kingdom are provided.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Sep 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/316072</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE ENVILLER MICROTUNNELLING SYSTEM .NO-DIG 89. DEVELOPMENTS UNDERGROUND. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION FOR UTILITIES, LONDON, APRIL 11-14, 1989</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/316073</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes the enviliner microtunnelling machine with a steering system which is capable of laying pipe of thin or lighter material such as upvc (unplasticized polyvinylchloride).  In the enviliner system, only the pushing force counterbalanced by the frictional resistance is applied to the pipe.  The liner casing, which contains the screw conveyor, together with the auger flight, transmits the jacking force to the pilot tube.  This is in contrast to conventional microtunnelling equipment, where the jacking force is transmitted through the previously laid pipes by compression.  Brief details of the equipment is provided, as are details of pipe lines laid by this method. The system can be used in soils ranging from very soft to dense or hard, in diameters ranging from 200 mm to 300 mm, and for up to 50 m distances with deviations of less than 25 mm in the vertical plane and less than 50 mm in the horizontal plane.  The overall cost of the enviliner method is about 30-40% less than the cost of laying concrete pipes. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Sep 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/316073</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FIELD EXPERIENCE WITH DIRECTIONAL ROD PUSHERS. NO-DIG 89. DEVELOPMENTS UNDERGROUND. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION FOR UTILITIES, LONDON, APRIL 11-14, 1989</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/316074</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes a new family of directional rod pushers which are available for trenchless installation of underground services.  These are the ditch witch p80 and P40 machines.  Details of the design and operation of the equipment is provided as are details of recent applications. The ditch witch directional rod pushers are composed of the following elements: the rod pusher and its supporting frame, push rods, downhole steering ends, tracking electronics, accessories for installing the service and a transport trailer with a built in hydraulic supply. Applications include long roadway crossings, water crossings with large elevation changes, and established areas -all being examples where open-cut methods are undesirable.  Soil types range from compactible to "displaceable" soils.  Pilot bores can be expanded during pull-back to as large as 324 mm, depending upon soil conditions.  Field experiences show an average boring rate to be 13.5 metres/hour.  The longest installation to date has been 168 metres.  This simple, economical equipment has the capability and productivity to significantly affect the trend toward trenchless methods. Concentrated effort is also underway to encourage the use of trenchless methods through organizational restructuring and through broadening and enhancing this product line.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Sep 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/316074</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MICROTUNNELLING SYSTEMS WITH DIRECTIONAL CONTROL AND LONG DISTANCE DRIVING. NO-DIG 89. DEVELOPMENTS UNDERGROUND. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION FOR UTILITIES, LONDON, APRIL 11-14, 1989</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/316075</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes the model 101 small diameter pipe jacking machine developed by the nippon telegraph and telephone corporation (ntt).  With this system a pilot tube is pushed into the ground from an existing man hole or small pit, using a steering head positioning system.  The system uses a double step driving mechanism for pipe jacking, in which a front head jack and a rear end jack are operated alternatively.  This is very effective in decreasing the driving force in long distance pipe jacking.  The system used, measuring the depth and lateral position of the machine, utilizes both liquid pressure difference and magnetic induction techniques, and details of this are provided, together with details of the simple hydraulic system used to adjust the direction in which the system is travelling.  The maximum recorded driving distance using the machine is 70 m.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Sep 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/316075</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>USE OF THE FLOW MOLE GUIDE DRILL SYSTEM IN EUROPE. NO-DIG 89. DEVELOPMENTS UNDERGROUND. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENCHLESS CONSTRUCTION FOR UTILITIES, LONDON, APRIL 11-14, 1989</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/316076</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes the flow mole guide drill system, which employs an accurate electronic locating device in conjunction with high-pressure fluid cutting, a patented steering concept, to install utilities ranging in diameter from 45 to 180 mm.  The system uses high pressure fluid jets for cutting.  These are sometimes augmented with carbide cutting blades to help penetrate the more consolidated sediments.  The cutting fluid is a mixture of water and bentonite clay.  Operating pressures for the fluid jets are typically up to 250 bar, and jet diameters are 1 mm or less. The maximum fluid consumption is 30 litres per minute.  The fluid jets at 250 bar penetrate 1 cm into clay type sediments.  The system uses the orientation of the jets to control the path of the boring tool.  The flow cator, locating device above the ground, in combination with a transmitter located in the tool head, determines the position of the tool to within 2.5 cm at typical placement depths of 1 m.  Placement accuracy can be held to 15 cm.  A contoured path requiring a tool steering radius of 9 m or more can be achieved.  Brief details of the system's hardware and operation procedure are provided, as are statistics of its use in Europe.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Sep 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/316076</guid>
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