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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>ROADS FOR TOURISTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/277677</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road is the most important mode for recreational travel; improving the quality of travel along tourist roads can make a significant contribution to the recreational experience. Specific topics discussed in the paper are the revision of the quality of service concept to take better account of subjective factors, more adequate provision and better sign posting of rest areas, upgraded safety signing on tourist routes and possible problems resulting from unfamiliarity with rental cars.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Mar 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>TOWARDS INTERNATIONAL-FORMAT ROAD SIGNING IN NEW ZEALAND</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/277678</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Now actively considering a change from its predominantly verbal-format system of road signing to one of the predominantly symbolic international formats, the New Zealand National Roads Board is supporting a series of laboratory and field studies intended to establish which of these achieves the most reliable detectability, the most speedy and accurate recognisability and the greatest degree of comprehensibility.  Considerations affecting the design of the research programme in general are described, and illustrated with reference to the first two laboratory experiments.  Of these, one showed that the international give way, with or without legend, offered greater recognisability than the current New Zealand sign; in contrast, the other showed clearly that the current New Zealand and Australian signs giving warning of pedestrian crossings were more recognisable than that proposed under United Nations convention.  Some experimental and operational implications of these findings are discussed. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 1987 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>ERGONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE DRIVING POSITION - A POSTURAL ANALYSIS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/277679</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Remaining alert is the most essential need when controlling a vehicle.  There are few other occasions where we are at such risk.  Yet the position we are obliged to assume and the activities we have to perform cause us to become sleepy, stressed and often very uncomfortable.  The family car is well-designed to get from one point to another.  However a fresh approach is perhaps necessary for this objective to be accomplished with greater safety.  Biomechanical principles must be related to engineering practice to successfully match driver performance with vehicle design.  A new postural concept is suggested as a basis to enable such principles to be applied effectively.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 1987 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>ERGONOMICS AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 21ST ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE ERGONOMICS SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND, HOLME BUILDING, SYDNEY UNIVERSITY, 28-30 NOVEMBER 1984</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/217793</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For the abstracts of individual papers presented at the conference, see TRIS No. 396811-396816.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jan 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/217793</guid>
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      <title>HIGHWAY DESIGN AND ROAD-USERS' MISPERCEPTION OF HAZARD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/217794</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Until recently, a generally uncritical acceptance of "low- cost engineering schemes" for road accident reduction and prevention suggested that the value of an ergonomics approach to road safety was still not widely appreciated. This view is exemplified by reference to a current project in the UK, which is examining the contribution of certain highway design features to road-users' misperception of hazard.  Data from retrospective studies of road accident causation are provisionally reported and plans for a prospective study of remedial changes to the traffic system are outlined.  The number of the covering abstract of the conference is TRIS No. 396810.  (Author/TRR)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jan 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/217794</guid>
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      <title>MONITORING AND CONTROL OF DRIVER SPEED BEHAVIOUR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/217795</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper discusses the need for controlling the speeds of vehicles on the road network and reviews the techniques and practices used in monitoring driver speed behaviour and attempting to modify it.  Measurement of vehicle speeds, from the viewpoint of both research and operational monitoring, is outlined.  The choice of travel speeds by individual drivers is discussed in the context of developing an effective means of control for the speed behaviour of all traffic.  Particular emphasis is given to speed limits as the most common form of control, and this is reviewed with regard to applicability and enforcement in both rural and urban areas.  The practical considerations of speed monitoring are contrasted with those of speed control enforcement.  Findings from various speed studies conducted in New South Wales are presented and implications for speed control and enforcement strategies are suggested.  The control and enforcement strategies are suggested.  The number of the covering abstract of thee conference is TRIS No. 396810.  (Author/TRRS)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jan 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/217795</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>DRIVER-SOMNOLENCE AND EYE-MOVEMENTS STUDIED IN A NIGHT- DRIVING SIMULATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/217796</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The simulator of Milner and Bolin has been improved by adoption of digital electronics and by the addition of a dedicated microcomputer which performs a real-time analysis of the subject's current driving performance.  Experience has shown that symptoms of somnolence/sleep appear at least as frequently in the simulator as in driving on the road. In these studies, subject "drove" the simulator while fitted with facial electrodes which enable recording of horizontal eye movements and of blinks.  At the same time, the instrumented simulator provided a measure of the leading vehicle, during the past 70 s approximately, computed a fresh each 5 s approximately.  Both these objective measures have already shown some interesting relations with symptom records.  In particular, abnormally low-speed saccades have been observed during brief periods of subject-somnolence The number of the covering abstract of the conference is TRIS No. 396810.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jan 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/217796</guid>
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      <title>TASK ANALYSIS FOR DRIVER TRAINING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/217797</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper looks at the reasons why driver training has not been effective.  Principal reasons given include: a lack of research effort in developing driver training programmes; many of the skills required to develop effective instruction programmes are lacking in the traffic research field; there is no consensus as how to analyse the driving task for instructional purposes; the methods of task analysis used are largely inappropriate from an instructional view point; and little is known about the psychology of learning to drive and how to teach driving.  The incentives for research specialists are largely in the areas of theoretical speculation and evaluation rather than in programme development.  An approach to driver training is outlined where an analysis of the structure of driving is given.  A functional analysis is conducted, based on the interactions between the driver and his environment.  Implications of this for the developmental aspects of the structure of driving are outlined.  Approaches to designing instruction are given, together with their application to designing driver training.  The number of the covering abstract of the conference is TRIS No. 396810.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jan 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/217797</guid>
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      <title>SOME ERGONOMIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO IMPROVING THE TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICE SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/217798</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The principal findings of an analysis of accident mass data files, extensive panel discussions and a large scale survey of road users' understanding of traffic control devices are briefly reported.  Ergonomic aspects of the issues requiring further research are discussed, including accidents at uncontrolled junctions and at stop and give way signs, driver behaviour at traffic signals, poor legibility of some signs, and lane-keeping.  While no fundamental changes are likely to result, substantial gains in the safety, comfort and convenience of the traffic control device system may be anticipated for this reason.  The number of the covering abstract of the conference is TRIS No. 396810. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jan 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/217798</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>DRIVERS PERCEPTION OF TRAFFIC BREACHES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/217799</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigated the relationship between standards of behaviour prescribed by traffic regulations and the views held by drivers.  All possible pairings of selected traffic breaches were given a dissimilarity rating by subjects (male and female, experienced and inexperienced drivers), and the underlying characteristics of the breaches identified using an individual differences multidimensional scaling analysis. A three dimensional space was selected as adequately representing the perceived differences between breaches.  It was suggested that various aspects of behaviour were consistent with the perception, rather than the intent, of many breaches.  By developing and verifying this approach, it was thought decisions concerning type of enforcement, a basis for education or the need to change other elements of the traffic system to account for motivations and expectations of drivers may be given improved guidance. The number of the covering abstract of the conference is TRIS No. 396810.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jan 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/217799</guid>
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      <title>SEATING FOR TRANSPORTATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/209737</link>
      <description><![CDATA[We have seen the fundamental philosophies for human transportation change dramatically during the last decade. From the days when efficient transportation of the public was measured in terms of the number of people moved from a to b in the shortest time through the age of affluence when the decor and comfort of the passenger assumed considerable importance to today's concentration on energy and hence economic efficiency.  This paper deals with passenger seating comfort aspects of urban rail passenger transportation and also extends to embrace the operator control position of the bus driver in the metropolitan transport system.  The bus driver's seat must cater for the anthropometric and morphic range of the drivers and also all aspects of the working environment to which the driver is exposed. A feature of this working environment is the potential for vibrational stress resulting from the road and vehicle characteristics.  This can be a significant factor in operator efficiency and operator selection, since individual sensitivity to vibration can vary considerably. The transmission of vibration is largely dependent on the match between the human's physical system and the bus's mechanical system, this match being established at the man machine interface, namely the bus driver's seat.  Hence seat design in this situation is of paramount importance.  If the seat design is poor, the consequent driver fatigue could result in a poorer performance with the danger of an increased incidence of accidents.  The human welfare and economics of this situation are a primary concern of the State Transport Authority of South Australia who initiated this research.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Oct 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/209737</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VEHICLE FOR MAIL DELIVERY: A CASE STUDY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/195273</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since 1968 the Swedish Postal Department has used a vehicle to deliver mail to urban housing areas.  The first vehicle was the Tjorven which was made in Sweden specifically for this task.  In 1975/76 this vehicle was replaced by the Opel Kadett Caravan car from Germany.  The standard car was mofified by the Opel Company to the requirements of the Postal Department.  In 1978 the work physiology units of the National Board of Occupational Safety and Health began studying the workload of Swedish postmen.  The study concentrates on the ergonomic features of the vehicle used for the delivery of mail.  A description of the present working conditions for the drivers is detailed showing the ergonomic features lacking in the present car.  A special study of stepping heights, the dimensions and function of the door and the placement of the steering wheel and letter tray in the car was then conducted.  An experimental rig was constructed in the Baord's laboratories.  On the basis of these studies, and earlier research on the ergonomic features of machines, recommendations have been made for the design of the postal car from the ergonomic viewpoint. These recommended ergonomic values should, to a large extent, be also applicable to other distribution vehicles used for similar functions.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Oct 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/195273</guid>
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      <title>A CURE FOR AUSTRALIAN PARKING SIGNS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/195274</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Current parking signs in Australia are difficult to read, and a very large inventory of specific signs is required to support the system.  An alternative system is described based on modular sign plates and line marking.  A coloured top plate carries a large black letter showing whether and for how long parking is permitted; a middle plate specifies the hours during which restrictions apply and a bottom plate indicates any exemptions.  Although no final decision about the coding format has yet been taken, savings in cost and installation delay are anticipated with the proposed system. From the user's point of view, tests suggest considerable advantages in glance and distance legibility, without any reduction in comprehension.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Oct 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/195274</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON COGNITIVE SKILL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/195275</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Preliminary results of two experiments investigating the effects of alcohol on dual task performance are reported. Both experiments used the same probe reaction time procedure.  The primary task was an aiming movement to a small target requiring a high degree of precision with the secondary task (or probe) involving two levels of complexity.  The same "simple" level of complexity was used in both experiments. The complex level of the probe in experiment one involved an additional input load, and in experiment two an additional output load.  Different patterns of interference or delays produced by the different probes, allowed inferences to be made about which particular processes or structures were involved in the control of the primary movement.  These were related to the effects of alcohol.  Initial interpretation of the different significant alcohol effects gives further support for the idea that it is the breakdown in higher order time-sharing or attention-switching mechanisms, rather than capacity reduction, that is responsible for the deterioration of performance under alcohol.  In addition alcohol effects on structural interference at the output processing stage may result in major strategy alterations.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Oct 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/195275</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>THE PROBLEMS OF THE DISABLED DRIVER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/187853</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Little is currently known about the extent or nature of the population of drivers suffering from disability, or the problems that they face in coping with the Australian road system.  Disabled people would benefit greatly from increased mobility, but little is known about the factors which deter them from becoming drivers.  Preliminary results of a survey of 421 disabled drivers are presented.  Unlike most populations of disabled, there were relatively few elderly individuals in the sample.  While there was little evidence of problems coping with the road system, other than parking, there is a clear need for better rear vision devices and improved design of the spinner knob.  Ergonomic factors led many individuals to choose large vehicles. While parking at work is rarely a problem, disabled drivers are still excluded from many venues because of inadequate provision of disabled parking.  Distance from the parking space to the destination seems to be the most frequent problem.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Mar 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/187853</guid>
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