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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>DRINKING AND DRIVING. A TYPOLOGICAL APPROACH COMPARING MEN AND WOMEN. WOMEN ALCOHOL DRUGS AND TRAFFIC. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP SEPTEMBER 29-30, 1988, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/303389</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The categories of sex and age appear to be decisive in the statistical differentiation of drinking and driving behaviors and accident risks.  This paper is an attempt to explore this phenomena through the results of a recent French survey describing the compatibility between drinking habits and driving habits among a sample of 1,000 drivers. It mainly deals with a systematic comparison of men and women in relation to the phenomena.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Nov 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/303389</guid>
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      <title>THE WANGANUI COMMUNITY ALCOHOL ACTION PROGRAMME. ROAD TRAFFIC SAFETY RESEARCH COUNCIL, WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND SEMINAR PAPERS, VOLUME 2. ROAD TRAFFIC SAFETY SEMINAR 14-16 SEPTEMBER 1988</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/309559</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Wangannui Community Alcohol Action Programme (CAAP) was a Ministry of Transport coordinated drink-driving program run between May and July 1987.  It attemped to involve a range of organizations in an across-the-board approach to the problem of alcohol abuse.  The most dramatic initiative was the introduction of a squad of traffic officers to focus on drinking drivers.  Roadside surveys of drivers indicate a 70% reduction in the number of drivers over the legal breath-alcohol limit.  Due to the small size of the community and the  lack of true experimental design the impact of the program on traffic accidents was less obvious. The major effect seemed to be a substantial reduction in the waiting list at the Wanganui Hospital. Community aspects of the program are briefly described. Although only partially successful, the program offers hope for successful programs elsewhere.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Mar 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/309559</guid>
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      <title>WOMEN ALCOHOL DRUGS AND TRAFFIC. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSOHP SEPTEMBER 29-30, 1988, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/303387</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The trends towards higher blood alcohol in female DWI-offenders provoked the question whether chronic alcoholics play an increasing role in DWI-delinquency.  The paper discusses some items which possibly indicate alcoholism.  Those are: BAC above 2.5 g/l, high BAC during daytime, discrepancy between BAC and estimated degree of drunkeness, and high blood-methanol levels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/303387</guid>
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      <title>FEMALE DRINKING DRIVERS IN NEW ZEALAND. WOMEN ALCOHOL DRUGS AND TRAFFIC. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP SEPTEMBER 29-30, 1988, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/303388</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The contribution made by female drivers in New Zealand to injury and fatal road accidents involving alcohol, and to breath-tested drivers is examined.  Female drivers are involved in all fatal or injury accidents in about the same proportion as their driving on the road, but are involved in a smaller proportion of drinking driving accidents or incidents.  Female drinking drivers account for a small but increasing porportion of drinking drivers.  The number of fatally-injured drinking drivers of either sex has been about constant over recent years, whereas the number of fataly-injured sober male drivers is rising rapidly.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/303388</guid>
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      <title>DEMOGRAPHIC AND DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF 108 WOMEN CONVICTED OF DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED IN ALLEN COUNTY, INDIANA. WOMEN ALCOHOL DRUGS AND TRAFFIC. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP SEPTEMBER 29-30, 1988, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/303390</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 1987, 108 women arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI) were referred to Alcohol Countermeasures Probation (ACP).  Racially, female offenders match the community norm. The majority (60.2%) of females arrested for DWI were aged 21 to 30.  While 37.9 % of female DWI offenders achieved specialized training or college degrees as compared to 23.3% of male offenders, only 7.4% of female offenders earned more than $20,000 per year, whereas 20.3 % of male offenders did. A majority of female offenders make less than $10,000 per year.  One-third of female offenders were married. Two-thirds were single, divorced, or widowed.  The same was true of male offenders.  Differential arrest practices exclude women from the DWI offender population.  Male police officers avoid arresting women.  Hence, only 12.1 % of 890 new DWI referrals assigned to ACP were female; and only 16.7 % of female offenders had been previously convicted for alcholo/drug-related offenses as compared to 44.8 % of the males.  Diagnostically, female DWI offenders are problem drinkers even though MAST screening assessments seriously underevaluate problem drinking in female offenders.  Once known, this problem can be compensated for by establishing a policy of referring all female offenders to long-term addictions treatment regardless of assessment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/303390</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>WOMEN ARRESTED FOR DRUNKEN DRIVING IN FINLAND DURING 1967-1987. WOMEN ALCOHOL DRUGS AND TRAFFIC. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP SEPTEMBER 29-30, 1988, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/303391</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The number of women arrested for drunken driving (BAC w0.50 promille) in normal police work incresed from 72 (1.0 %) in 1967 to 1.495 (6.0 %) in 1987.  A difference of proportions of these women to those detected in roadside survey suggests that women are not tested as often as males.  when women arrested in 1972, 1978, 1982 and 1987 were compared together significant trends were detected in occupation (proportion of women having service as occupation decreased), in BAC (change to lower values) and in a shift of arrests from early evening (6-9 pm) to morning hours (9-12 am).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/303391</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>DRINKING AND DRIVING BY YOUNG FEMALES. WOMEN ALCOHOL DRUGS AND TRAFFIC. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP SEPTEMBER 29-30, 1988, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/303392</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Research indicates that women are drinking and driving more often and that the proportion of female drivers involved in fatal crashes is increasing.  U.S. Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data suggest that although overall alcohol involvement rates in fatal crashes have been declining for the past 4 years, the rates for females ages 21-24 have not declined.  Moreover, female drivers of that age in late night single vehicle (SV) crashes have an alcohol involvement rate which is almost as high as that of male drivers.  This paper examines the involvement of North Carolina female drivers who are less than 35 years of age for the period of 1976 through 1986 and reports on trends in driver licensing, arrests for dinking and driving, SV nighttime and alcohol-relted (A/R) crashes and measured blood alcohol levels in fatalities.  It identifies an emerging driving while impaired (DWI) problem for younger, particularly those 21 to 24 years of age.  Significant trends pertaining to the involvement of women will have implications for the design and implementation of educational, deterrence, enforcement and rehabilitation programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/303392</guid>
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      <title>DRINKING AND DRIVING BY YOUNG FEMALES. WOMEN, ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND TRAFFIC - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN, 29-30 SEPTEMBER, 1988</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/309495</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent research indicates that women are drinking and driving more often and that the proportion of female drivers involved in fatal crashes is increasing.  US fatal accident reporting system (fars) data suggest that although overall alcohol involvement rates in fatal crashes have been declining for the past four years, the rates for females aged 21-24 have not declined.  Moreover, female drivers of that age in late night single vehicle (sv) crashes have an alcohol involvement rate which is almost as high as that of male drivers.  This paper examines the involvement of North carolina (nc) female drivers who are less than 35 years of age for the period of 1976 through 1986 and reports on trends in driver licensing, arrests for drinking and driving, sv nighttime and alcohol-related (a/r) crashes and measured blood alcohol levels in fatalities. It identifies an emerging driving while impaired (dwi) problem for younger women, particularly those 21 to 24 years of age. Significant trends pertaining to the involvement of women will have implications for the design and implementation of educational, deterrence, enforcement and rehabilitation programs.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Mar 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/309495</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DRINK DRIVING IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA: THE WOMAN'S EXPERIENCE. WOMEN, ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND TRAFFIC - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN, 29-30 SEPTEMBER, 1988</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/309496</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sex differences with respect to drinking patterns in Australia are presented, using data from both household and roadside surveys.  Several levels of drinking are then examined: roadside survey data, hospital admission data, and fatality data.  Within each data set, blood alcohol levels provide the basis for comparison between men's and women's involvement in drink-driving.  Where the data sets permit, temporal changes are also examined.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Mar 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/309496</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FEMALE DRIVERS IN CANADA: TRENDS IN ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT. WOMEN, ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND TRAFFIC - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN, 29-30 SEPTEMBER, 1988</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/309497</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes trends in motor vehicle use patterns and accident involvement among women drivers in Canada.  In the past two decades, the number of women possessing a driver's licence has more than doubled.  Women are driving more and are becoming involved in a greater number of casualty accidents.  Despite all efforts to the contrary, driving after drinking has become more frequent among women. The number of fatally injured women drivers with blood alcohol concentrations (bacs) in excess of the statutory limit (ie 80 mg%) has also increased.  These trends notwithstanding, male drivers continue to outnumber women in casualty accidents by a wide margin. Nevertheless, women comprise a group of road users of increasing importance to traffic safety.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Mar 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/309497</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ALCOHOL DRINKING HABITS AMONG FEMALE GRADE 9 STUDENTS IN SWEDEN. CHANGE BETWEEN 1971-1987. WOMEN, ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND TRAFFIC - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN, 29-30 SEPTEMBER, 1988</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/309498</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since 1971 yearly surveys have been done of the alcohol and drug habits among grade 9 students in Sweden.  Boys in grade 9 report relatively small changes during the 1970's, while girls show signs of an increasing alcohol consumption. These increases mainly stopped towards the end of the decade. Both sexes show a clear reduction in their alcohol consumption between 1977 and 1981, after which the consumption has been relative stable.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Mar 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/309498</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FEMALE DRINKING DRIVERS IN SWEDEN. WOMEN, ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND TRAFFIC - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN, 29-30 SEPTEMBER, 1988</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/309499</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 1967 there were 19240 individuals suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol (dwi) in Sweden and only 289 or 1.5% were women.  The number of blood samples submitted for alcohol analysis in 1986 was 21153 and 6.2% of these were from female drivers.  This represents a considerable increase in the proportion of women compared with the total rise in number of blood samples between 1967 and 1986.  We investigated male (n = 5570) and female (n = 654) drinking drivers apprehended in Sweden during the first half of 1986. The information recorded on the police reports such as time of day, day of week, age of suspect, kind of traffic incident (routine control, traffic accident or moving traffic offence) and part of the country were evaluated in relation to the concentration of alcohol in the blood (BAC). Most dwi offenders, both men and women, were apprehended on Friday and Saturday nights between 20.00 and 04.00.  The median age of male and female drinking drivers was about the same 20-25 y but the age distribution for men was much more skew (+).  The average venous BAC for men and women was nearly the same at 1.6 mg/g but the frequency distributions were different. Female drinking drivers were involved in traffic accidents more often than their male counterparts; 29% compared with 20%.  At BAC above 1.5 mg/g, the proportion of men and women judged by a physician as being under the influence of alcohol was about the same (90%) but below 0.5 mg/g, 50% of men and 63% of women were considered influenced by alcohol and therefore unfit to drive.  These results may have a bearing on the development of tolerance to alcohol in male and female dwi offenders and prevalence for alcoholism.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Mar 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/309499</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>WOMEN ARRESTED FOR DRUNKEN DRIVING IN FINLAND DURING 1967-1987. WOMEN, ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND TRAFFIC - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN, 29-30 SEPTEMBER, 1988</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/309500</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The number of women arrested for drunken driving (blood alcohol content (BAC) w0.50 o/oo) in normal police work increased from 72 (1.0%) in 1967 to 1495 (6.0%) in 1987.  A difference of proportions of these women to those detected in roadside surveys suggests that women are not tested as often as males.  When women arrested in 1972, 1978, 1982 and 1987 were compared together significant trends were detected in occupation (proportion of women having service as occupation decreased), in BAC (change to lower values) and in a shift of arrests from early evening (6-9 pm) to morning hours (9-12 am).  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Mar 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/309500</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>COMPARISON OF FEMALE AND MALE DRUNKEN DRIVERS IN HAMBURG 1970-1987. WOMEN, ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND TRAFFIC - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN, 29-30 SEPTEMBER, 1988</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/309501</link>
      <description><![CDATA[52207 protocols concerning blood alcohol samples of drunken drivers (48090 men, 4117 women) were analyzed retrospectively at the institute for forensic medicine in Hamburg (time period since 1970, namely the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1986, 1987).  -since 1970 the number of cars in our region increased about 45%.  The total number of alcohol-related traffic delinquencies decreased from 11051 to 6312 (-43%): as to the men the delinquency decreased from 10615 to 5603 (-47%) whereas the number of drunken women rose from 436 to 709 cases (+63%).  Most of the blood tests showed an alcohol concentration of 1.5 to 1.99%o.  Within the group of women mainly employees were affected; women between 21 to 40 years of age predominated; expectedly the night-time period between 10.00 pm to 04.00 am and the Saturday was overloaded with traffic delinquency.  The number of female drunken drivers with traffic accidents rose from 161 in the year 1970 to 358 in the year 1987.  -there is a significant increase of the percentage of female drunken drivers taking part in traffic (from 4% in 1970 up to 11% in 1987) and being involved in traffic accidents. The underlying mechanisms of socialisation, education, emancipation, police control, etc are discussed.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Mar 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/309501</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FEMALE DWI OFFENDERS. THE SITUATION IN DUESSELDORF. WOMEN, ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND TRAFFIC - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN, 29-30 SEPTEMBER, 1988</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/309502</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This brief article discussed the similarities and differences between male and female dwi (driving while intoxicated) offenders.  The statistics used were the driving licence statistics of the North rhine westfalia, and blood samples taken by duesseldorf university institute of forensic medicine.  Since the 1960's, the percentage of women among drunken drivers increased by about 4.3%.  The percentage of very drunken women drivers (with a blood alcohol content (BAC) above 2.5 g/l) increased by 7.9%. During this period there was only a slight change in the percentage of very drunk men.  Analysis of all 1231 blood samples from female road traffic participants taken at the institute between 1986 and 1987 was also undertaken and compared with similar data taken from men.  Analysis showed that weekends, the summer months, and November and February (the carnival time) produced the worst figures for both men and women.  Both men and women were more likely to be drunk in the evenings.  Women showed a striking tendency towards an increasingly higher and extremely high blood alcohol content, and in this trend they differed from men.  Women also admitted to taking other drugs in addition to alcohol more often than did men.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Mar 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/309502</guid>
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