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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>WHY USUAL SPECIFICATIONS DO NOT PRODUCE DURABLE CONCRETE . PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD INTERNATIOAL CONFERENCE ON DETERIORATION AND REPAIR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE ARABIAN GULF, BAHRAIN, OCTOBER 21-24 1989. VOLUME 1.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/354488</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper addresses the question of why durable concrete is not produced insofar as protection of steel reinforcement is concerned.  Special reference is made to the Arabian Gulf area.  Existing specifications have led to a deterioration of numerous structures in the Arabian Gulf area.  In particular, reliance on compressive strength and minimum cement is insufficient to prevent corrosion of reinforcement under exposure to chlorides.  A large cover is effective only if the cover concrete has a low penetrability.  This requires the use of superplasticizers and, under extreme conditions, of hydrophobic and pore-blocking additives. Even with all these measures, really good curing is essential. The disadvantages of the use, under some conditions of exposure, of sulphate resisting Portland (Type V) cement and of fly ash (pfa) and ground granulated blast furnace slag are discussed.  For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 828897.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/354488</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COST EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENTS . PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD INTERNATIOAL CONFERENCE ON DETERIORATION AND REPAIR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE ARABIAN GULF, BAHRAIN, OCTOBER 21-24 1989. VOLUME 1.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/354489</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the investigation of the present condition of the 5.70 km long jetty at Lucinda Bulk Sugar Terminal, North Queensland, Australia, and the roadway that runs along it.  Details are also provided of the ongoing monitoring programme which has been implemented to assess the future damage development.  The box girders for the roadway were cast using volcanic coarse aggregate.  Within a few years, longitudinal cracking became evident, and this development has since continued, resulting in extensive cracking in the top and bottom surfaces of the roadway.  The cause of the cracking is alkali-silica reactions.  Under the assumption of various damage scenarios, a structural re-evaluation of the jetty roadway has been carried out, and the results have been compared with the outcome of field load testing.  Finally, a programme for assessing the effectiveness of use of concrete surface sealers to prevent or mitigate the onset of corrosion of mild and prestressed reinforcement is briefly described.  For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 828897.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/354489</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A REPAIR STRATEGY FOR CORROSION DAMAGED CONCRETE . PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD INTERNATIOAL CONFERENCE ON DETERIORATION AND REPAIR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE ARABIAN GULF, BAHRAIN, OCTOBER 21-24 1989. VOLUME 1.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/354490</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A repair strategy for corrosion damaged reinforced concrete has been presented.  The strategy, however, includes several unresolved repair parameters which have been fully identified.  Research at King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals is currently being carried out to resolve some of these parameters.  Data developed on only one parameter is presented to show that some of these parameters may have a significant effect on the long term integrity and success of a repair.  Thermal incompatibility between resinous repair material and parent concrete reduces the slant shear bond strength by 36.5% after only 90 thermal cycles simulating the temperature fluctuations of a typical summer day. Cement-based material shows significantly smaller reduction (8%) with thermal cycling but shows weak bond with parent concrete even at static room temperature.(A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 828897.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/354490</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES . PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD INTERNATIOAL CONFERENCE ON DETERIORATION AND REPAIR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE ARABIAN GULF, BAHRAIN, OCTOBER 21-24 1989. VOLUME 1.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/354491</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the last few years there has been an increased awareness of the problems of deteriorating concrete structures and an improved understanding of the processes involved.  This has led to procedures for improved durability in new construction, but if the onset of serious deterioration in existing structures is to be delayed, or prevented altogether, then it is essential that there is early identification of structures as risk.  This paper reviews the procedures for inspection and maintenance, and discusses the identification of structure, or parts of structures, which can be considered to be "at risk". Methods of recording the results of routine inspections are also reviewed and examples are given of inspection programmes that have been prepared for existing structures in the Middle East.(A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 828897.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/354491</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURALLY REPAIRED REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS . PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD INTERNATIOAL CONFERENCE ON DETERIORATION AND REPAIR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE ARABIAN GULF, BAHRAIN, OCTOBER 21-24 1989. VOLUME 1.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/354492</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Results of a study of the redistribution of stress in reinforced concrete beams following repair are presented.  A non-linear analytical model which permits removal and replacement of parts of a reinforced concrete section has been set up, and is used to compare the performance of repaired and equivalent 'as new' beams.  The effects of relieving dead loads during a repair are considered.(A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 828897.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/354492</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STRUCTURAL APPRAISAL OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS - MATERIAL ASSESSMENT AND VISUAL INSPECTION . PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD INTERNATIOAL CONFERENCE ON DETERIORATION AND REPAIR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE ARABIAN GULF, BAHRAIN, OCTOBER 21-24 1989. VOLUME 1.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/354493</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Structural appraisal of existing buildings is fast becoming an important activity in the world of structural engineering especially in reinforced concrete buildings.  More and more structures are now suffering from defects, deterioration and failures, which could be attributed to several factors ranging from improper maintenance to gross misjudgement during the design process.  In reinforced concrete, strength assessment of materials namely steel and concrete, analysis of the structural system and visual inspection, all play important roles in the general structural appraisal of existing structures.  Visual inspection is an important feature in any in-situ testings regardless of the aims of the test programme.  Visual inspection can provide valuable preliminary information on the causes of defects in the structure and it may form a basis for the structural appraisal of the affected building.  This paper attempts to show how visual features and non-destructive testings can indicate standard of workmanship and degree of structural serviceability and material deterioration in reinforced concrete buildings - especially from the Malaysian scenario.(A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 828897.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/354493</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL SAFETY AND LIFE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES . PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD INTERNATIOAL CONFERENCE ON DETERIORATION AND REPAIR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE ARABIAN GULF, BAHRAIN, OCTOBER 21-24 1989. VOLUME 1.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/354494</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A fracture mechanics technique is developed to predict the structural safety and life of reinforced concrete structural elements.  This technique takes into consideration the crack propagation behaviour in concrete and reinforced steel bars. Various cracking mechanisms due to static and cyclic loading, stress corrosion, corrosion fatigue and environmental attacks are simulated.  Fatigue and fracture data on steel and concrete are collected to obtain fracture parameters needed for the present model.  These parameters include fracture toughness for steel and concrete and threshold stress intensity factor for steel.  Based on the present technique, both residual life and strength of defective reinforced concrete elements can be predicted. This technique accounts for defect size and location, type of loading, structural system and service inspection.(A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 828897.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/354494</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN THE EASTERN PROVINCE OF SAUDI ARABIA WITH AN EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL PREVENTION METHODS . PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD INTERNATIOAL CONFERENCE ON DETERIORATION AND REPAIR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE ARABIAN GULF, BAHRAIN, OCTOBER 21-24 1989. VOLUME 1.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/354495</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study presents several case histories of the extent and size of concrete deterioration due to rebar corrosion in various industrial facilities in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.  In addition, a brief history of the problem and an overview of the main causes is discussed in the paper. Four preventive methods are evaluated to eliminate the recurrence of this problem.  The methods are Epoxy Coated Rebars, Surface Coating, Cathodic Protection, and Concrete Additives.  The practical aspects of each system and their cost-effectiveness compared to current construction practice are discussed.  Furthermore, the development of a new Company specification for concrete production and placement is also presented.  The authors recommend the use of Fusion Bonded Epoxy Coated Rebars in aggressive environment as the most cost-effective alternative, and also recommend the use of Surface Coating Systems for additional protection.(A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 828897.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/354495</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DIAGNOSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF DAMAGE IN CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS IN SAUDI ARABIA . PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD INTERNATIOAL CONFERENCE ON DETERIORATION AND REPAIR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE ARABIAN GULF, BAHRAIN, OCTOBER 21-24 1989. VOLUME 1.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/354496</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A vast number of highways bridges have and are being constructed in the Arabian Peninsula.  A seemingly large number of these bridge decks are showing some signs of early deterioration and cracking.  Several reasons are believed to have interactively contributed to this phenomena; lack of proper and relevant design considerations, poor construction practices, marginal quality concrete constituents, lack of control over vehicular loads and the severe environmental conditions of the region.  This paper reports on a systematic approach that has been successfully employed for the diagnosis of several defective bridge decks.  The approach has been developed as part of a National Project to study the cracking phenomena of concrete bridge decks, it consists of a series of diagnostic steps that lead to the formation of a clear picture of the deck's state of distress.  An actual case study is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.(A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 828897.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/354496</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECTIVENESS OF REPAIR OF REINFORCEMENT CORROSION IN A MOTORWAY VIADUCT . PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD INTERNATIOAL CONFERENCE ON DETERIORATION AND REPAIR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE ARABIAN GULF, BAHRAIN, OCTOBER 21-24 1989. VOLUME 1.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/354497</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The substructure of a six span motorway viaduct was repaired after 20 years exposure to chloride de-icing salts. Reinforcement corrosion was active in crossbeams and columns and rust staining, cracking, delamination and spalling were widespread.  Half-cell potentials were mapped over a limited area of the substructure before repair and at intervals subsequently.  These data show that corrosive activity had been significantly reduced in repaired areas, at least initially, but that some corrosion had continued. Outside the repaired areas, corrosion had continued undetected and new anodes had formed.  The results show that repair of only visible defects and delamination is not sufficient in chloride contaminated concrete.(A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 828897.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/354497</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CORROSION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES . PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD INTERNATIOAL CONFERENCE ON DETERIORATION AND REPAIR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE ARABIAN GULF, BAHRAIN, OCTOBER 21-24 1989. VOLUME 1.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/354498</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research was conducted to study the effect of salts on the deterioration of reinforced concrete structures in Egypt.  Field investigations as well as laboratory tests were carried out on an existing defected building.  A careful visual examination of the building, its usage and surrounding external conditions were carried out.  Concrete compressive strength was measured along the building height using a Schmidtt hammer.  Chemical analysis was carried out on concrete specimens taken from different members to determine the constituents of concrete and percentages of salts.  Cover was removed and the reinforcement was checked. Chemical analysis of steel samples as well as their tension behavior and strength were examined.  Evaluation of the building status was conducted according to the above results.(A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 828897.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/354498</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CATHODIC PROTECTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE - A 1989 VIEW . PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD INTERNATIOAL CONFERENCE ON DETERIORATION AND REPAIR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE ARABIAN GULF, BAHRAIN, OCTOBER 21-24 1989. VOLUME 1.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/354499</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reinforced concrete has been known to deteriorate due to chloride ingress for over forty years.  In North America, Cathodic Protection was considered thirty years ago to prevent further deterioration of bridge decks but only when the effects of de-icing salts on roadways became apparent has the technique been considered for use in the United Kingdom.  After five years of accelerated development, it is now possible in 1989 to look at the state of the cathodic protection engineering market.  The results of research initiated in 1984 are beginning to become apparent; it is at last possible to refer to Standards and Specifications which find some acceptance in the industry and best of all, the actual experience of application of the technique to real structures is beginning to be reported at conferences and incorporated into contract documents.(A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 828897.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/354499</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FEASIBILITY OF CATHODIC PROTECTION FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE DECK STRUCTURE WITH TWO LAYERS OF REINFORCING BAR . PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD INTERNATIOAL CONFERENCE ON DETERIORATION AND REPAIR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE ARABIAN GULF, BAHRAIN, OCTOBER 21-24 1989. VOLUME 1.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/354500</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper is a report on an investigation to determine the technical feasibility of applying cathodic protection to a concrete deck structure which has two layers of bare steel reinforcing bar grid.  A mesh anode and various current pick-up and potential measurement devices were cast into newly poured concrete.  This paper describes in detail the configuration of the concrete structure, the procedures and equipment used to gather the data, significance of the data collected and the findings and conclusions of the investigation.(A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 828897.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/354500</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE USE OF MIXED METAL OXIDE ACTIVATED NET FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION OF STEEL IN CONCRETE: LABORATORY AND FIELD EXPERIENCE . PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD INTERNATIOAL CONFERENCE ON DETERIORATION AND REPAIR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE ARABIAN GULF, BAHRAIN, OCTOBER 21-24 1989. VOLUME 1.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/354501</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Corrosion of the reinforcing steel in concrete causes structural deterioration due to spalling, and cracking. Traditional rehabilitation approaches such as patching, crack repairs, and overlayment/sealing do not address the true cause of corrosion: chlorides already at the rebar level.  Cathodic protection is an electrochemical process which halts further corrosion by passing a low level electric current through the concrete to boost the electric potential of the steel in the cathodic direction.  This paper describes the application of mixed metal oxide activated titanium net for cathodic protection of steel in concrete.  Field installation experience is highlighted. Ongoing tests utilizing continuous pH monitoring and high anode current densities are discussed.  The effect of cathodic protection upon anode, rebar and surrounding concrete is documented.(A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 828897.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/354501</guid>
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      <title>CEMENTITIOUS OVERLAYS FOR ANODES USED IN CATHODIC PROTECTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE . PROCEEDINGS OF 3RD INTERNATIOAL CONFERENCE ON DETERIORATION AND REPAIR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE ARABIAN GULF, BAHRAIN, OCTOBER 21-24 1989. VOLUME 1.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/354502</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The titanium mesh and conductive polymer cable anode types used in cathodic protection of reinforced concrete need to be firmly fixed with plastic clips to the concrete surface. The anodes are then embedded in a cementitious overlay which allows the protective current to flow between the anode and the reinforcing bar (cathode).  Gunite has been commonly used as the overlay but, following a number of cases of disbondment, the durability of such systems is in doubt. Factors to consider when choosing an overlay, such as application method, bonding strength and resistivity are discussed in this paper.  The work shows how the durability of a number of anode-overlay combinations has been examined experimentally.  A simple Cathodic Protection circuit and test pieces for the simultaneous examination of a number of experimental systems are described.  Results are presented for performance monitoring by measuring reinforcing bar potentials, driving voltages and overlay bond strengths.  As an adjunct to this work, some results are presented of resistivity changes of possible overlay materials during long term storage, and the effect of different concrete primers prior to overlay application.(A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 828897.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/354502</guid>
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