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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE, 40TH ANNUAL PROCEEDINGS, VANCOUVER, CANADA, OCTOBER 7-9, 1996</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/469860</link>
      <description><![CDATA[These proceedings, comprising 34 papers, cover topics within the following categories: Crash Injury Characteristics: Empirical and Experimental Studies; Seat Belt and Air Bag Effectiveness; Vehicle Characteristics: Crash Injury Mitigation; Traffic Injury in Developing Countries; Injury Impairment and Disability Studies; Alcohol Risk Identification and Interventions; Alcohol and Traffic Safety: Enforcement Aspects; The Role of Medical Conditions on Injuries and Outcomes; Road User Characteristics and Crashes; Bicyclists and Motorcyclists' Injury Studies and Helmet Effectiveness; and Injury Data Sources and Costs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>FOOT AND ANKLE INJURY: THE ROLES OF DRIVER ANTHROPOMETRY, FOOTWEAR, AND PEDAL CONTROLS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/469861</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the influence of driver anthropometry, footwear, and interaction with the pedal controls on the risk of foot and ankle injury. An analysis of national accident data base files determined that women and shorter drivers were at increased risk of injury in frontal crashes. The investigation also showed a positive correlation between injury risk and pedal interaction. A driving simulator was used to investigate the relationship between driver and anthropometry and foot placement on the brake pedal. Increased heel rise and foot movement during braking were identified with the shorter drivers. An experimental investigation of footwear showed a 20% variation in leg loads depending on the style of shoe and an increased likelihood of ankle stability with women's high-heeled shoes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/469861</guid>
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      <title>SPINAL INJURIES IN CAR COLLISIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/469862</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A sample of 290 casualties who received a moderate to fatal spinal injury (AIS > or = 2) was analyzed to identify some of the factors involved. Impact type, seating position and seat belt use were not found to influence the location of spinal injury. However seat belt use was found to result in less severe injuries. Females had higher involvement rates in the incidence of cervical and thoracic spinal injuries. A high degree of cord trauma was associated with cervical spine injury, which was not seen in the thoracic and lumbar regions. Some 21 percent to 37 percent of the occupants experienced a spinal injury without a moderate to fatal injury (AIS > or = 2) to any other body region. The head/face was the most frequent site for an impact to result in cervical (51 percent), thoracic (49 percent) and lumbar (39 percent) spine injury. Prevention of a head/face impact may well help to reduce the incidence of spinal injuries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>RESPONSE OF HUMAN LOWER THORAX TO IMPACT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/469863</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to determine the dynamic force-deflection characteristics of the human lower thoracic region. Five unembalmed cadavers with vascular pressurization were subjected to impact on the right lower anterior region of the thorax at a velocity of 4.3 m/s. A pendulum (23.5 kg, 150 mm diameter face) delivered the impact. The force-time history was obtained from the load cell attached to the pendulum impactor. Deflections at the impact site were obtained using the chest band signals. Force-deflection curves were obtained by eliminating the time variable between the force and deflection time histories. Peak impact forces ranged from 1.9 to 2.7 kN (mean: 2.29 kN + or 1 0.38). Peak deflections ranged from 34 to 85 mm (mean: 59.3 mm + or - 18.1). Detailed autopsy revealed rib and liver trauma. The nonlinear force-deformation curves presented in this study provide fundamental data for the design of anthropomorphic test devices with improved biofidelity so that injury can be predicted in real-world crash environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>INJURIES CAUSED BY SEAT BELT LOADS TO DRIVERS AND FRONT SEAT PASSENGERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/469864</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines how the characteristics of front seat car occupants affected their vulnerability to non-minor injury (Abbreviated Injury Scale > or = 2) from seat belt loads, and how the very different environments for drivers and front seat passengers (FSPs) affected injury rates. FSPs suffered belt injuries considerably more often than drivers. Occupants who suffered non-minor injuries from the belt tended to be older in both low and high speed crashes. Weight was seen to be a factor in belt injuries to drivers. Equivalent Test Speeds were calculated showing that torso injuries from belts rose in frequency with crash severity up to 55 km/h. Above that speed belts were seen to be significantly less important causes of injuries to FSPs, while other causes were the more significant problems for drivers at 35 km/h and above.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/469864</guid>
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      <title>SUPPLEMENTAL RESTRAINT SYSTEMS: FRIEND OR FOE TO BELTED OCCUPANTS?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/469865</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In North America, air bag inflation characteristics are determined largely by the unbelted test requirements of US FMVSS 208. Air bag deployment thresholds are set by vehicle manufacturers primarily to prevent facial fracture to unbelted drivers in low speed collisions. This paper examines the extent to which these design practices may be at odds with the protection needs of belted occupants in jurisdictions such as Canada where the seat belt wearing rate is close to 95 percent. Drawing on data compiled in Canada and the U.S., the field performance of current air bag systems is examined. Supplementary air bag systems significantly reduce the risk of severe head and facial injuries among belted drivers. However, these benefits are being negated by air bag-induced injuries, most notably to the face in moderate and low speed collisions, and to the upper extremities at all collision severities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>HOW PEOPLE SIT IN CARS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DRIVER AND PASSENGER SAFETY IN FRONTAL COLLISIONS - THE CASE FOR SMART RESTRAINTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/469866</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reports on how front seat passengers and drivers sit in cars relative to the frontal structure of the vehicle interior. Car occupants were filmed unobtrusively in the general traffic flow in the U.S. and in the U.K. The results highlight specific subgroups of the driver population more likely to sustain injury in a frontal collision. The international comparability of these results, together with the evidence of wide variation in sitting positions paves the way for 'smart' restraint systems which could effectively address the safety of a wider cross section of the occupant population.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/469866</guid>
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      <title>EDUCATING DRIVERS TO CORRECTLY ADJUST HEAD RESTRAINTS: ASSESSING EFFECTIVENESS OF THREE DIFFERENT INTERVENTIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/469867</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Three types of driver educational strategies were tested to determine the most effective approach for motivating drivers to adjust their head restraints to the correct vertical position: (1) a human interactive personal contact with a member of an ICBC trained head restraint adjustment team, (2) a passive video presentation of the consequences of correct and incorrect head restraint adjustment, and (3) an interactive three-dimensional kinetic model showing the consequences of correct and incorrect head restraint adjustment. An experimental pretest-posttest control group design was used.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/469867</guid>
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      <title>ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE OF PASSENGER VEHICLES WITH FOUR-WHEEL ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/469868</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study focuses on the effect of antilock braking systems (ABS) on accident and injury risk. Police-reported data from Florida, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina and the Fatal Accident Reporting System were examined. Accident rates were normalized using vehicle registration data. Examination of over 60,000 accidents showed the following in vehicles with ABS: (1) 9-11% reductions in overall accident rates, (2) 16-17% reductions in accidents on wet roads, (3) 6-9% reductions in accidents on dry roads, and (4) 7-16% reductions in injury rates under all road conditions. There was no measurable difference in fatal accident rates between ABS and non-ABS vehicles. ABS seemed especially effective at reducing multivehicle crashes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/469868</guid>
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      <title>WHAT HAPPENS ON THE ROAD BEFORE FATAL CAR CRASHES?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/469869</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper focuses on the most frequent car fatal precrash scenarios in terms of car kinematics. A typology containing 74 of these scenarios was developed which includes the number of vehicles involved, road characteristics and car trajectories. This typology is applied to 4,298 fatal car occupant crash police reports recorded over one year in France. 74% of cases are related to the failure of the driver in his/her interaction with the road infrastructure and 24% in his/her interaction with the traffic. Results on yawing rate and driver perception and reaction in these circumstances are also given.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/469869</guid>
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      <title>AAFECAR: A NEW CAR SAFETY FEATURES RATING SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/469870</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A system for predicting the crashworthiness of new passenger cars using a visual inspection method has been developed by the Monash University Accident Research Centre. The system includes more than 40 new technology safety features and their effectiveness is estimated using the Harm Reduction method. The crashworthiness history of the various vehicle makes and models is derived from analysis of real world crashes, already published as "Driver Protection Ratings", is adjusted in the light of new safety features that are fitted. Any mass difference between the previous and new model is also accounted for in the final score. SAFECAR is validated using a nonparametric sign test and multiple model crashworthiness comparisons available from the Driver Protection Ratings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/469870</guid>
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      <title>ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE, PROCEEDINGS, 34TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE, SCOTTSDALE, ARIZONA, OCTOBER 1-3, 1990</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/358665</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Thirty-nine papers presented at the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine 34th annual conference are included.  Three of these papers are bound separately. Topics addressed are as follows:  clinical injury studies; alcohol - medical and legal consequences; traffic injury costs; seat belts - usage, effectiveness and crash testing; vehicle crashworthiness and injury assessment studies; the use of clinical data to study injury mechanisms; experimental biomechanical research; transplantable organs; exposure measure; injury scaling; patient triage; vision, drugs and fatigue - empirical and experimental studies; and bicycle and motorcycle helmet design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jul 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/358665</guid>
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      <title>ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE, PROCEEDINGS, 32ND ANNUAL CONFERENCE, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, SEPTEMBER 12-14, 1988</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/358344</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Twenty-five papers presented at the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) 32nd annual conference are included.  (One of these papers is unbound and inserted at the end of the Proceedings as pages 359-391.)  Topics addressed are as follows:  crash injury studies; costs of crash injury; record linkage - limitations and innovations; injury severity assessment; laboratory research; restraint use and effectiveness of laws; role of alcohol on injury severity; and crash risk of certain populations (elderly drivers and persons with epilepsy).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Jun 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE, IN COOPERATION WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND AND THE MARYLAND INSTITUTE FOR EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES, PROCEEDINGS, 33RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, OCTOBER 2-4, 1989</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/358345</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Thirty-seven papers presented at the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) 33rd annual conference are included.  Topics addressed are as follows: alcohol and other drugs - injury, accidents, drinking driver; pediatric trauma; environmental issues - 65 mph; trucks - accidents, fatal accidents, violations; crash characteristics of middle age and elderly drivers; injury severity and disability assessment, scoring and societal costs; and occupant crash protection - child safety seats, safety belt use laws, comfort, airbags.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Jun 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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