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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>PREDICTION OF SEVERE EYE INJURIES IN AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENTS: STATIC AND DYNAMIC RUPTURE PRESSURE OF THE EYE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748465</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this paper is to determine the static and dynamic rupture pressures of 20 human and 20 porcine eyes.  This study found the static test results show an average rupture pressure for porcine eyes of 1.00 + or - 0.18 MPa while the average rupture pressure for human eyes was 0.36 + or - 0.20 MPa.  For dynamic loading, the average porcine rupture pressure was 1.64 + or - 0.32 MPa, and the average rupture pressure for human eyes was 0.91 + or - 0.29.  Significant differences are found between average rupture pressures from all four groups of tests (p = 0.01). A risk function has been developed and predicts a 50% risk of globe rupture at 1.02 MPa, 1.66 MPa, 0.35 MPa and 0.90 MPa internal pressure for porcine static, porcine dynamic, human static, and human dynamic loading conditions, respectively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748465</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A NEW BIOMECHANICALLY-BASED CRITERION FOR LATERAL SKULL FRACTURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748466</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This work develops a skull fracture criterion for lateral impact-induced head injury using postmortem human subject tests, anatomical test device measurements, statistical analyses, and finite element modeling.  It is shown that skull fracture correlates with the tensile strain in the compact tables of the cranial bone as calculated by the finite element model and that the Skull Fracture Correlate (SFC), the average acceleration over the HIC time interval, is the best predictor of skull fracture.  For 15% or less probability of skull fracture the lateral skull fracture criterion is SFC < 120 g, which is the same as the frontal criterion derived earlier.  The biomechanical basis of SFC is established by its correlation with strain.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748466</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CHARACTERISTICS OF OLDER MOTORCYCLIST CRASHES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748467</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the U.S. as well as other countries, the number of motorcyclists killed in traffic crashes has risen sharply over the past five years, due in part to the increased popularity of motorcycling among older riders.  This paper examines trends in motorcyclist casualties and vehicle registrations from 1990-2002, based on national and state (North Carolina) motor vehicle crash and vehicle registration data.  The data show similar patterns of increased fatalities that parallel a growth in motorcycle registrations.  Whereas the number of motorcyclists ages 16-24 declined over the 13-year study period, the number of riders ages 35 and older increased.  Three years of recent (2000-2002) North Carolina data are examined to identify salient characteristics of the crashes of these older riders.  Results are discussed with respect to approaches for mitigating the increase in motorcyclist deaths and injuries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748467</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DYNAMIC BENDING TOLERANCE AND ELASTIC-PLASTIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF THE HUMAN FEMUR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748468</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to provide data on the structural tolerance and material properties of the human femur in dynamic bending.  Fifteen (15) isolated femurs from eight (8) males were tested in either posterior-to-anterior or lateral-to-medial three-point bending.  The failure moment was 458 + or - 95 Nm and did not differ significantly with loading direction.  A method was developed to estimate the elastic-plastic material properties of the bone using both force-deflection data and strain gauge measurements.  The bone material appeared to yield at about one third of the ultimate strain level prior to fracture.  It is hoped that these data will aid in the development of injury criteria and finite element models for predicting injuries to pedestrians and vehicle occupants.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748468</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF MALLEOLAR FRACTURES IN AN IMPACT ENVIRONMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748469</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To protect against malleolar fractures in frontal crashes it is important to understand the mechanisms of injury.  The authors have investigated the accuracy of Orthopaedic Specialists in deducing the injury mechanisms of experimentally generated malleolar fractures from radiographs; and the applicability of classic descriptors of injury mechanisms, such as the Lauge-Hansen classification system, in analysing impact induced trauma.  Orthopaedic Specialists did not consistently deduce the mechanisms of ankle injuries suggesting there may not be a unique fracture pattern for every injury mechanism and that the Lauge-Hansen classification system does not reliably describe ankle fractures created in the impact environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748469</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPREHENSIVE AND HUMAN CAPITAL CRASH COSTS BY MAXIMUM POLICE-REPORTED INJURY SEVERITY WITHIN SELECTED CRASH TYPES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748470</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents estimates for both the economic and comprehensive costs per crash for three police-coded severity groupings within 16 selected crash types and within two speed limit categories (<=45 and >=50 mph).  The economic costs are hard dollar costs.  The comprehensive costs include economic costs and quality of life losses.  The authors merged previously developed costs per victim keyed in the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) into US crash data files that scored injuries in both the AIS and police-coded severity scales to produce per crash estimates.  The most costly crashes were non-intersection fatal/disabling injury crashes on a road with a speed limit of 50 miles per hour or higher where multiple vehicles crashed head-on or a single vehicle struck a human (over 1.69 and $1.16 million per crash, respectively).  The annual cost of police-reported run-off-road collisions, which include both rollovers and object impacts, represented 34% of total costs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748470</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PEDESTRIAN AND PEDALCYCLIST INJURY COSTS IN THE UNITED STATES BY AGE AND INJURY SEVERITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748471</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper estimates the incidence, unit costs, and annual costs of pedestrian and pedalcycle crash injuries in the United States.  It includes medical care costs, household and wage work losses, and the value of pain, suffering, and lost quality of life.  The estimates are broken down by body region and severity.  They rely heavily on data from the health care system.  Costs of pedestrian and pedalcycle injuries in 2000 will total $40 billion over the lifetimes of the injured.  Most pedalcyclist injury costs and half of pedestrian injury costs do not involve motor vehicles. Youth ages 5-14 face greater annual risks when walking or driving their own pedaled vehicles than when being driven. Children under age 5 experience higher costs than their elders when injured as pedestrians.  The authors' results suggest European and Japanese component tests used to design pedestrian injury countermeasures for motor vehicles are too narrow.  Separate lower limb testing is needed for younger children.  Testing for torso/vertebral column injury of adults also seems desirable.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748471</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GENDER DIFFERENCES IN HIP ANATOMY: POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR INJURY TOLERANCE IN FRONTAL COLLISIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748472</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Male occupants in frontal motor vehicle collisions have reduced tolerance for hip fractures than females in similar crashes. The authors studied 92 adult pelvic CT scans and found significant gender differences in bony pelvic geometry, including acetabular socket depth and femoral head width. Significant differences were also noted in the presentation angle of the acetabular socket to frontal loading.  The observed differences provide biomechanical insight into why hip injury tolerance may differ with gender.  These findings have implications for the future design of vehicle countermeasures as well as finite element models capable of more accurately predicting body tolerances to injury.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748472</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS REAR FACING CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS IN A FRONTAL CRASH</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748473</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Current forward facing (FF) child restraint designs use LATCH and ISOFIX systems to couple the restraint to the vehicle.  Rear facing (RF) child restraints, however, have multiple coupling methods that vary by manufacturer and country of origin.  Sled tests were performed with the CRABI 12-month dummy in six different RF attachment conditions.  The performance of the rear facing child restraints (restraint kinematics, head accelerations, and neck loads) was highly dependent on the coupling method used.  The results were also compared to a FF LATCH restraint.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748473</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INJURY BIOMECHANICS OF C2 DENS FRACTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748474</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study is to analyze the biomechanics of dens fractures of the second cervical vertebra in the adult population due to motor vehicle crashes.  Case-by-case records from the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) and National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) databases were used.  Variables such as change in velocity, impact direction and body habitus were extracted.  Results indicated that similarities exist in the two databases despite differences in sampling methods between the two sources (e.g., CIREN is not population based).  Trauma is predominantly associated with the frontal mode of impact. The majority of injuries occur with change in velocities below current federal guideline thresholds. No specific bias exists with respect to variables such as age, height, weight, and gender.  Because similar conclusions can be drawn with regard to vehicle model years, design changes during these years may have had little effect on this injury.  To ameliorate trauma, emphasis should be placed on the frontal impact mode and entire adult population.  Because of clinical implications in the fracture type (II being most critical) and lack of specific coding, CIREN data demonstrates the need to improve injury coding in the AIS and application in the NASS to enhance occupant safety and treatment in the field of automotive medicine.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748474</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONSEQUENCES AND COSTS OF LOWER EXTREMITY INJURIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748475</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lower extremity injuries resulting from motor vehicle crashes are common and have become relatively more important as more drivers with new occupant restraints survive high-energy crashes.  CIREN data provide a greater level of clinical detail based on coding guidelines from the Orthopedic Trauma Association.  These detailed data, in conjunction with long-term follow-up data obtained from patient interviews, reveal that the most costly and disabling injuries are those involving articular (joint) surfaces, especially those of the ankle/foot.  Patients with such injuries exhibit residual physical and psychosocial problems, even at one year post-trauma.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748475</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF PEDIATRIC USE PATTERNS AND PERFORMANCE OF LAP SHOULDER BELT SYSTEMS IN THE CENTER REAR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748458</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lap and shoulder belts have been required in rear outboard positions since 1989.  A recent congressional mandate encouraged the requirement of a lap and shoulder belt in the center rear seat position.  This study utilized Data from the Partners for Child Passenger Safety study, a large-scale child-focused crash surveillance system, to quantify changes in seating patterns for children in vehicles that already have this feature compared to those which do not and measured the safety benefit associated with the provision of a shoulder belt in the center rear seat position.  The data demonstrate that the presence of a shoulder belt in the center rear seating position influences seating practices only when there is a single child occupant in the vehicle.  Belted children in the center rear of vehicles equipped with a lap shoulder belt are at an 81% reduction in risk of injury than those belted in the center rear equipped with a lap only belt.  The data suggest that by requiring lap shoulder belts in the center rear, benefits would be realized to belted children, specifically the 4-8 year old group.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748458</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF CHILD RESTRAINTS AND ANCHORAGE SYSTEMS FOR AN AUSTRALIAN CAR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748459</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examined the performance of three rear-facing and two forward-facing child restraints (CRS) with three anchorage systems: standard seatbelt, LATCH (flexible) and ISOFIX (rigid). Frontal (64 km/h) and side impact (15 km/h) HyGe sled tests were conducted using a sedan buck.  Overall, the preliminary findings suggested superior performance of rigid over seatbelt and flexible anchorages, particularly in side impacts.  The results also suggest a need for design improvement for CRS with flexible anchorages to increase stability in side impacts.  The findings have important implications for the proposed introduction of changes to Australian Standards for CRS to permit both flexible and rigid systems to co-exist with conventional seatbelt anchorage systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748459</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DIFFERENTIAL RISK OF INJURY TO CHILD OCCUPANTS BY SUV SIZE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748460</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the United States, the sport utility vehicle (SUV) is the fastest growing segment of the passenger vehicle fleet, yet SUVs vary widely in size and crashworthiness.  Using data collected from a population-based sample of crashes in insured vehicles, the authors quantified the risk of injury to child occupants in SUVs by vehicle weight.  There is an increased risk in both Small and Midsize SUVs when compared to Large SUVs.  Parents who are purchasing an SUV should strongly consider the size of the vehicle and its crashworthiness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748460</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATING PREGNANT OCCUPANT RESTRAINTS: THE EFFECT OF LOCAL UTERINE COMPRESSION ON THE RISK OF FETAL INJURY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/748461</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to develop effective restraint systems for the pregnant occupant, injury criteria for determining fetal injury risk must be developed.  This study presents computer simulations of a 30 week pregnant occupant that illustrate the importance of local uterine compression on the risk of fetal injury.  Frontal impact simulations with a range of velocities and belt positions were used to identify the best correlation between local uterine compression and peak strain measured at the uterine-placental interface.  It is suggested that future pregnant dummy development and specifically pregnant injury criteria should be based on local uterine compression relative to the placental attachment location.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/748461</guid>
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