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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>CONCEPTION AND DIMENSIONING OF THE SECTION OF A TUNNEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/44916</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the state-of-the-art of the design of It is concerend principally with the effect of stress on the transition from primary to secondary stresses, as the anelasticity, sound propagation, plastic deformation and decompression around the tunnel, and emphasizes the fracture, and recrystallization and grain growth that researchers. A study is presented of deformations between includes a comprehensive bibliography. to the rigidity of the area left unlined between the tunnelling face and the part already lined. The development from the old rigid linings to flexible ones is described, with special reference to the new Austrian method and to the use of prefabricated wedges installed by the shield method. It is emphasized that the rupture of concrete linings which have been laid can sometimes be due to shear stress along the joints. Subsidence caused by a gap between tunnel and lining and by seepage of underground water into the tunnel is also studied. In conclusion, the paper stresses the importance of the auscultation of completed works for the purpose of proving hypotheses and refining methods of calculation. See also IRRD abstracts nos. 216638 to 216643. /TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Jun 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>CRITERION FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE STABILITY OF THE EXCAVATION FACE OF A TUNNEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/47359</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A brief description is given of the method developed by Broms, Bermermark, Deere et al. and Peck for forecasting the possible instability of the excavation face of a tunnel; it is critically examined in the light of the experience gained after its application to the tunnels of the Seville underground railway, in Spain. According to this method, the stability of the tunnel face is governed by a stability factor, of = (pz - pa)/su, when pz = total vertical pressure at the height of the tunnel axis, Pa = air pressure within the tunnel, and su = undrained shear strength. It is concluded that the least favourable conditions exist when pz is high and the cohesion is low. The measures usually taken to ensure stability at the face can be of two types: 1) improvement in the of factor by increasing Pa or su (grouting of sandy soils); 2) creating conditions inhibiting the development of failure: series of grouting operations or horizontal inspection of the roof level of the tunnel above and ahead the face. See also IRRD abstracts nos. 216638, 216640 to 216645. /TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Jun 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>EFFECT OF GROUND PLASTIFICATION AROUND A TUNNEL ON SURFACE SETTLEMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/47360</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Studies have been made of the problem of subsidence caused by the excavation of circular tunnels close to ground level. The finite element non-dimensional, theoretical analysis assumes that the ground will behave according to an elastic pattern. However, the plastification and dilatancy of the ground must also be taken into consideration since these factors alter the stress-strain behaviour of the ground surrounding the excavation. This paper puts forward some results obtained in some special cases and considers the introduction of the possible ground plastification in the calculations by means of analytical and numerical procedures.  Among these, the solutions of Kisiel, Reyes and Deers are discussed.  The finite element method was used and the rheological behaviour of the soil was considered to correspond to that of an elastoplastic medium, which need not conform to the law of normal behaviour. Several figures show the effect of soil cohesion on the plastified area, ground level settlements and settlements on tunnel roof. /TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Jun 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/47360</guid>
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      <title>CALCULATION OF VARIATIONS AND SLOPE STABILITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/47361</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The safety coefficient of a slope and the worst slip line are determined by applying variation calculations, avoiding the traditional method of trial and error by successive approximations. When the safety factor is expressed in terms of a function, the Euler equation enables a direct determination to be made of the worst of all slip curves which pass through two given points of the profile of the slope. The cross-sectional conditions facilitate determination of the two points mentioned so as to obtain the worst slip line among all the possible lines which fulfil certain conditions of regularity. In order to demonstrate the potential of the method, it is applied to janbu's method for the case of a wholly cohesive ground and of a slope of exponential profile. The results, obtained in non-dimensional form, are compared with Taylor charts for a slope of straight profile. /TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Jun 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>CONSTRUCTIONAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/47362</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The constructional problems of a tunnel can be divided into three main groups: a) the project stage; b) procedures or construction methods; and c) formulae for contracting.  With regard to the first group, a study is made of the effect of an analysis and mapping of the ground on the tunnel project, and it is concluded that the more detailed the survey, investigation and mapping of the ground, the more satisfactory the results will be. Concerning the second aspect, the influence of the excavation process, soil support and loading, and removal of rubble is examined. When contracting underground works, the following points must be taken into consideration: 1) projects should be carried out rationally with regard to economic and construction aspects; 2) budgets should be flexible; 3) the greatest possible number of unit prices should be available for the different types of support; 4) the excavation price and the lining costs should be considered as variable. The contracting process should be as follows: a) updating of the estimated cost, b) direct control of the actual cost, and c) certification on a monthly basis and at origin. See also IRRD abstract No. 216643.  /TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Jun 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>EXPANSIVE CLAYS: THEIR STUDY AND TREATMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/47363</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents criteria for identifying expansive clay soils both from the mineralogical point of view and on the basis of index values, for determining sensitivity to expansion. Various formulae and correlations between the typical index properties and the parameters characterising expansivity are also given. The most dangerous geographical areas in Spain are mentioned together with the influence of the weather on the processes of swelling. Basic equations, which describe the percolation of water through the soil, are presented. Laboratory and field methods for the measurement of suction forces are outlined together with their applications. In conclusion, the effects of expansive clay on buildings, roadworks, hydraulic works and tunnels, are examined as are possible corrective measures which can be taken before and after construction and affect the soil structure and type of foundation; recommendations are made in each case, and an extensive specialized bibliography on the subject is included. /TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Jun 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/47363</guid>
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      <title>ALTERNATIVE ALIGNMENTS FOR TUNNELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/47364</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Within certain limits the alignment of a tunnel has to be studied in relation to many factors which interact in such a way that the evaluation of their relative significance is the principal task of the engineer. The principal factor is the characteristics of the ground which must be known in as much detail as possible.  But between the geomechanical parameters, statistical indices of rock quality and test results on the one hand and the drawing up of specific plans on the other hand, there is a gap which can be bridged only by intuition and experience. The alignement has to have sufficient flexibility for the tunnel to be sited in the area with optimum ground conditions. It is of great importance to locate the entrances in areas where ground conditions are satisfactory since in the stretches next to the entrance geomechanical conditions tend to be bad owing to weathering and lateral thrust from the hillside. Equally, the construction method to be used is of great importance in planning a tunnel, and it is recommended to bore an exploratory gallery wherever possible to avoid delays during construction. See also IRRD abstracts nos. 216638 to 216643 and 216645. /TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 05 Jun 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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