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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Image Analysis of Plastic Shrinkage Cracking in High Strength Concrete Containing Hybrid Fibre Enforcement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/767129</link>
      <description><![CDATA[High strength concrete (HSC) may be susceptible to plastic shrinkage cracking due to its reduced bleeding capacity and increased autogenous shrinkage.  Fiber reinforcement has been proposed as one solution to mitigate plastic shrinkage cracking.  In order to determine the benefits of fiber reinforcement, experimental procedures are needed to quantify crack width reduction.  The majority of current techniques used to assess cracking in concrete utilize manual crack observation and measurement, which may be tedious and subject to operator bias.  This paper describes a systematic approach to accurately characterize the plastic shrinkage cracking pattern (width, distribution, and frequency) that develops in a fiber reinforced concrete.  This test procedure uses a retrained slab specimen with a stress riser that amplifies the potential for plastic shrinkage cracking.  The concrete slabs were exposed to a drying environment for the first 6 hours.  At an age of 24 hours, images were acquired along the cracking path.  Cracks were extracted from the acquired images through gray level intensity thresholding to create binary images that were used to describe cracked and uncracked region.  The crack widths were obtained by subtracting the binary crack image from a prepared grid mask that consisted of horizontal lines at standard uniformly spaced locations.  A statistical analysis of the crack width at various locations was performed and a modified Weibull distribution was used in order to describe the results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2005 07:26:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/767129</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Role of Cracks on Strength, Ductility and Durability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/767108</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Failure of concrete under loads occurs in three phases:  (1) distributed microcracking, (2) development of a macrocrack through the coalescence of microcracks and (3) macrocrack widening.  This process governs the mechanical response of the material and has a strong impact on the durability of the concrete and the structure in which it is used.  The strength of concrete, typically determined by the macrocrack development, can be increased by densifying the matrix through the use of low water-to-cement ratios and supplementary cementitious materials.  However, this occurs at the expense of ductility, which is derived from energy-absorbing, distributed cracking.  Conventional macrofiber reinforcement, with fibers greater than 0.5 mm in diameter, can slow the opening of macrocracks and impart post-peak ductility to the material.  However, the presence of macrocracks provides avenues for the ingress of water and aggressive water-borne agents that can limit durability of concrete.  Microfiber reinforcement, with fiber diameters less than 0.03 mm, slows the process by which microcracks evolves into macrocracks and so reduces permeability.  To maximum the ductibility and durability of concrete, crack development must be controlled.  A hybrid blend of micro- and macrofibers is one method to achieve this control.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2005 07:26:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/767108</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Chemical Attack in Long Term Exposed Concrete in Seawater</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/767144</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, a reinforced concrete (RC) bridge was selected in order to investigate the chemical attack in long-term exposed concrete structures over a 65 year period in seawater environments.  Concrete core specimens were drawn at the tidal zone of the RC structure, which was constructed in Korea in 1936.  In order to assess the seawater attack, instrumental analysis techniques such as TG, MIP, ESEM &EDAX and XRF were conducted on the mortar part of cored samples with various depths.  Results demonstrated that the main reactants causing degradation of concrete were Mg-rich C0S0H and thaumasite as well as the formation of ettringite and that deterioration by seawater attack led to a considerable mass loss and spalling in concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2005 07:26:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/767144</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Studies on Proportioning of Self-Compacting Concrete and Evaluation of its Strength and Durability Related Characterisitics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/767159</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) has high deformability and passes freely through congested reinforcement.  Therefore, compaction occurs without any vibration and segregation.  SCC requires careful proportioning of its ingredients.  A study made to develop SCC mixes is reported in this paper.  Mineral admixtures (fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, metakaolin and limestone powder) and chemical admixtures (carboxylated ether based super plastisizer and viscosity modifying agent) were uses.  Crushed granite (maximum size 200mm) and sand formed the aggregate system.  A typical SCC mix with the compressive strength of 70 N/mm(2), was evaluated in fresh stage using Slump Cone, L-Box, U-Box and V-funnel.  Properties of this SCC were compared with Conventionally Vibrated Cement Concrete (CVCC) of same strength.  The stress-strain characteristics under compression were studied using a servo controlled UTM under an actuator movement of 0.2mm/minute.  The test data showed that even though both CVCC and SCC had comparable mechanical properties, SCC had superior durability related characteristics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2005 07:26:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/767159</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparison of Resistance to Abrasion of Fast Track Concrete at Various Ages</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/767148</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tests were conducted in order to determine the resistance to wear of three fast track concretes at four age categories; namely, opening to traffic; and 3, 7, and 28 days.  Both ASTM Types I and III Portland cement were utilized.  The trail matrices were examined four plastic and bulk properties, and resistance to wear.  The influence of matrix constituents and proportions, curing age, and testing duration (up to 20 minutes or 3 mm, whichever was reached first) were determined.  Other properties namely; rate of abrasion; relative gain of abrasion; coefficient of variation; and abrasion index were examined in the paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2005 07:26:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/767148</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Predicting Durability: The Role of Advanced Numerical Models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/767130</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how prescribed lifetimes for infrastructure works, such as concrete bridges and tunnels of 100 t0 150 years are no exceptions.  On the basis of decades of experience with concrete structures it is certainly possible to make estimates of the expected performance and durability.  However, the number of concrete mixtures with which we have a long-term experience is limited.  The experience with the increasingly used new materials, new cements, new cement replacements and even completely new cement-based concepts, make us reluctant to extrapolate from only a few years of experience with these mixtures to design models in predicting durability of concrete structures.  It will be shown how advanced computer programs are able to build virtual microstructures that form the basis for the determination of transport properties and degradation processes.  Specific features of 3D virtual micro-structures are discussed.  Their potential for analyses of the effect of curing on the quality of cover concrete, the most important part of the concrete structures in view of durability, is also discussed.  These microstructural models should be used in parallel with meso- and macro-structural simulation programs and well-considered inspection and maintenance programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2005 07:26:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/767130</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Test on Fracture Behaviour of Ultra High-Strength Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/767145</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper focuses on the fracture behavior of ultra high-strength concrete with compressive strengths greater than 150 N/mm(2).  Based on the wedge splitting tests, the fracture behavior of different types of ultra high-strength concrete (with and without steel fibers, with or without coarse aggregates) was investigated in this paper.  The common fracture mechanical parameters such as fracture energy G(f), crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD), characteristic length l(ch) and fracture toughness K by non linear fracture mechanics (NLFM) were experimentally and theoretically determined.  Finally, some suggestions, both from a material and structural aspect, on the enhancement of ductility for UHSC are also proposed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2005 07:26:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/767145</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improvement in the Crack Opening Resistance of FRC with Low Short Fibre Content</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/767124</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how the use of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) with low content of short fibers is very interesting for many applications.  One of such can be slab, designed for cracked stage, and further propagation of cracks can be reduced, significantly with the use of such FRC.  Applications of steel and polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete (SPFRC) with low content of short fibers confirm these predictions.  Some results of preliminary investigations of SPFRC with low content of short fibers are discussed in this paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2005 07:26:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/767124</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Relating Concrete Performance to Practice</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/767231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is no doubt that concrete will continue to play a major role in creating new and repairing old infrastructure.  The intention is that new concrete should perform as well as, look better than and be more durable than old concrete.  All this is to be achieved against a sustainable agenda and concern for the environment.  It has often been claimed that we know what to do to achieve these objectives but we do not always apply what is known to good every day practice.  In summarizing Symposium 2 what can be and what is achieved is addressed.  A number of relevant and interesting trends and options are identified and commented upon.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2005 07:26:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/767231</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zero Energy Concrete for Sustainable Precast Concrete Production</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/767157</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how concrete is a versatile construction material that is most commonly used world wide.  Construction industry provides employment of several million people.  To build structures that are more sustainable, we need to reduce energy consumption and minimize waste.  In precast concrete production, energy is required for placing and compacting the concrete.  For durability requirements, the water cement ratio is kept low and thus, the consistence of the concrete is low and the energy required for compaction is high.  Also, for obtaining high early strengths required for demoulding, prestress transfer and handling of the precast elements, at ages from 6 to 18 hours, besides the low water cement ratio external heat is supplied for accelerating the strength development.  The Zero Energy Concrete which utilizes innovative polycarboxylic ether (ACE) superplasticiser for producing a self compacting concrete which allows for the total elimination of the external energy required for placing, compacting and curing.  This leads to a significant energy saving and other costs related to better and safer working ambient and improved surface appearance and durability.  In this paper the mechanism of action of the Zero Energy Concrete and its engineering properties, compared to the normal fluid consistence concrete are reported in the paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2005 07:26:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/767157</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research of 4500-Year Old Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/767220</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over 100 years ago, many western scholars came to the west of Xingjiang and Gansu in China in archaeology and excavation to seek secret lost history.  They left behind books which were very valuable in seeking the ever lost ancient civilization.  One of the greatest discoveries is that ancient concrete appeared 4500 yeas ago, long before the 18th and 19th centuries.  Around the same time in the Egyptian pyramids the Ny-Nsw-Werst stone coffin was made of this ancient concrete; made of the plaster of the burned marl, not of the gypsum or lime.  An argument can be made that in the northwest of China the Samaritans and Xiongnu might have been northern Israeli.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2005 07:26:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/767220</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Aggregate Porosity on Chloride Ingress into Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/767137</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Chloride ingress into structural concrete is generally considered to be primarily controlled by the properties of the paste function, with the aggregate particles considered to be inert inclusions.  Indeed, the key codes of practices for structural concrete make no specific reference to the characteristics of aggregates that may affect chloride ingress.  However, a theoretical analysis by Hobbs has recently challenged this accepted view and has demonstrated that if the aggregate had an interconnected porosity then it could be up to 1000 time more permeable than the surrounding paste.  Furthermore, the interfacial zone between the aggregate and the past is also an important influence over the movement of chloride ions through concrete.  This paper reports on a laboratory-based experimental program that studied the performance of concretes containing different sources of aggregate with a wide range of water absorption.  It is determined that there is indeed a significant effect of aggregate permeability over chloride ingress into concrete.  These results show that when specifying concrete for exposures to chlorides, more consideration should be given to specifying additional controls on the properties of the aggregate, either directly or indirectly.  The current specification approach of minimizing chloride ingress into structural concrete by limitation on the water/cement ratio, is in isolation, therefore inadequate to ensure the long term durability of structures exposed to chloride environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2005 07:26:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/767137</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flexural Behaviour of Circular Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Plates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/767127</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effect of specimen types and geometries on the flexural behavior of both plain and FRC plates was investigated in the paper.  Tests were carried out on both plain and steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) using different types of specimens:  beams and plates (circular and square shapes).  Comparing between beams and plates, the specimen type played an important role on both responses and fracture energies of plain concrete and SFRC.  Plate specimens exhibited higher peak load and longer post-peak response.  Comparing between square and circular plates, the specimen geometry showed very little effect on both pre-peak responses and fracture energies of both concretes.  However, after the peak (post-peak), the effect of specimen geometries on the response and fracture energy of SFRC was significant.  Square plates were found to exhibit faster drop of load-deflection response and smaller fracture energy than those circular plates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2005 07:26:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/767127</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Uni-Axial and Bending Tests on Hybrid Fibre Reinforced Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/767233</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Based on the idea to take simultaneous advantage of the effects of different types of fibers, new materials called Hybrid FRCs have been developed by combining fibers of different geometry and material.  In the present paper, the benefits in terms of concrete toughness from a combination of micro and macro steel-fibers are evaluated under both uniaxial and bending tests on specimens of different sizes.  Freely rotating platens made with spherical hinges and an appropriate apparatus for centering the specimen on the platens were adopted in the uni-axial tensile tests.  Experimental results are highly sensitive to the strain gradient in the cracked section, to the fiber geometry and to the area of the cracked surface.  In fact, a larger scatter in the experimental results was observed in specimens with smaller cracked surfaces where a larger scatter of the macro-fiber density was present.  For this reason, beside the size effects, the dimension of the cracked section markedly influenced the characteristic value of the fracture parameters.  Hybrid combination of short and long steel fibers can improve concrete toughness for both small and large crack opening displacement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2005 07:26:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/767233</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Framework for Durability Design and Bond Deterioration Due to Corrosion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/767223</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper summarizes the current understanding of the mechanics of bond resistance at the interface between the concrete and plain and deformed steel bars and how it is influenced by the corrosion of the steel reinforcing bars.  Some of the available research on analytical models for bond in uncorroded and corroded steel bars is reviewed.  The influence of some of the significant parameters influencing the behavior of corroded steel rebars, such as the concrete strength, crack width, extent of rebar corrosion (measured by the mass loss of the cross-sectional area loss), concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and the loss of rebar lugs reported in some recent papers are summarily presented.  Based on the overall trends observed, a preliminary design method for durability against deterioration of bond at the steel-concrete interface due to corrosion of rebars is proposed.  The need for more research on these and other parameters influencing the phenomenon is stressed before a more reliable design method developed using a semi-probabilistic approach can be developed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2005 07:26:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/767223</guid>
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