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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>USE OF DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS IN INVESTIGATION OF PREMATURELY FAILED ROAD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/194667</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Premature failure of an 18 mile stretch of road in Bangladesh was the subject of a preliminary investigation including Benkelman beam deflection measurements carried out by TRRL in December 1980, who recommended a further deflection survey to be carried out in the following monsoon.  Following a brief comment on the causes of failure, this paper deals primarily with the comparison of these deflection surveys, illustrating the deterioration of the road over this short period.  Two factors, namely natural deterioration under traffic and the exacerbating effects of monsoon water collecting under the pavement surface, were involved.  The subgrade modulus of elasticity and flexural rigidity along the road were also determined in the second survey by taking an additional reading in the deflection bowl and using the procedure proposed by Wiseman. The road surface condition was classified to complete the survey and to compare with the deflection pattern.  Finally, the deflection results were used in the examination of the strengthening requirements for the road.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/194667</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN ANALYTICAL STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATION OF A FAILURE ON A NEW PAVEMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/194668</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cracking and slippage of hot rolled asphalt wearing courses in the United Kingdom has received considerable attention and analysis in the past without any one conclusive reason for these failures.  This particular failure on a newly constructed realignment on the A483 in Powys County, Wales, in 1980 was investigated using an analytical structural approach as well as semi-empirical design and non structural factors.  Such an analytical approach had not been carried out on previous failures.  A site investigation of deflection measurements, plate bearing tests at each layer, recovered properties of bituminous layers from block samples, and insitu density tests of the unbound material enabled analysis of the structural adequacy of the pavement layers.  These layers were modelled in the finite element grid computer pavement program DEFPAV.  The elastic parameters of each layer were characterised either from the above or by back analysis techniques of fitting the elastic parameters to give the actual field deflection. Although the result of the total investigation indicated that failure was due primarily to non structural factors, the analytical structural approach was able to identify, in a qualitative sense, - low stiffness in the dense bitumen macadam basecourse.  Failure of the basecourse by tensile fatigue (from early life deflections).  Adequacy of granular layers at the time of testing.  Detrimental effects of a cracked wearing course and a slip plane.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/194668</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>IMPLEMENTATION OF ROAD RATER DEFLECTION TESTING FOR PAVEMENT EVALUATION AND OVERLAY DESIGN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/194669</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road rater deflection data were used to estimate the in-place subgrade strength and the in-place structural capacity of existing pavements.  Pavement behavior can be expressed in terms of a reduced thickness of "reference" quality paving materials or as a reduced modulus of elasticity for the constructed thickness of asphaltic concrete.  Mathematical relationships were developed making it possible to "program" the evaluation procedure (in modular form) for use with small hand calculators or minicomputers.  The pavement evaluation method has been successfully implemented in making recommendations for overlay designs for several pavement sections.  Road rater deflection data were used to estimate the in-place subgrade strength and the structural capacity of the existing pavement.  Pavement rutting and roughness were also considered in determining final overlay thickness recommendations.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/194669</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF THE AFGOI-BAIDOA ROAD, SOMALIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/194670</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the field investigation which were made on a surfaced but lightly trafficked rural road 216 km in length, to assess the strength of the existing pavement as a basis for detailed engineering for strengthening and improving the road.  Two series of deflection surveys were made, the first using a test truck and Benkelman beam and the second using a falling weight deflectometer.  There was a good correlation between the results of the two deflection surveys and the condition survey of the road.  The Benkelman beam tests confirmed the variability of subgrade, fill and pavement and the need to take a statistical approach before defining the average subgrade modulus or pavement rigidity for each section of similar characteristics.  The fwd tests indicated the variation of elasticity below the road surface by means of surface-modulus-plots as developed by Ullidtz but with a "simplified" modulus plotted alongside. Considerable variations were indicated in the depth and strength of the weakest layer and these made it difficult for any simple bearing-capacity model to encompass them as accurately as a deflection-basis for overlay design. However, the tests also confirmed the usefulness of the hogg model developed by Wiseman and the spreadability concept developed by the Department of Main Roads in New South Wales, Australia.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/194670</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A CASE STUDY ON THE USE OF SURFACE DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS IN THE DESIGN OF AN ASPHALTIC CONCRETE OVERLAY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/194671</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper describes a typical study carried out on a section of flexible pavement scheduled for surfacing.  The site was tested using the deflectograph and subsequently trial pits were excavated.  Data from these surveys was used in a finite element analysis of the proposed pavement structure to estimate tensile strains which the bituminous surfacing material would have to resist under traffic loading.  As a result a fatigue criterion was incorporated in the specification for the asphaltic concrete base course.  The execution of the works was carefully controlled and compaction of the bituminous materials was monitored using both a nuclear density meter and conventional coring techniques.  Finally details are given of follow-up testing which included laboratory dynamic loading tests on cores recovered from the pavement.  The results of these tests show a very good correlation with the predicted laboratory performance.  Deflectograph surveys also indicate that the design life should be achieved.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/194671</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OVERLAY STRATEGY BASED ON MECHANISTIC ANALYSES AND DESIGN. A CASE HISTORY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/194672</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the Dynatest pavement maintenance management system (DMS).  The system is based on the analytical methods of pavement evaluation and overlay design that were developed in Denmark during the last two decades, and which form part of the Danish standards for pavement construction and maintenance laid down by the Danish Ministry of Transport, the Road Directorate.  The DMS comprises an effect/cost analysis and an economics optimization procedure, which makes possible the determination of the optimum combination of maintenance measures for each of the coming 3-5 years within the given budget restraints.  It is also possible to calculate which consequences changes to the budget will have for the maintenance standard of the road network.  Results from two Danish counties are presented.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/194672</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN INVESTIGATION TO DETERMINE THE STRUCTURAL CAPACITY AND REHABILITATION UTILIZATION OF A ROAD PAVEMENT USING THE PAVEMENT DYNAMIC CONE PENETROMETER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/194673</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A portable pavement Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) has been developed in South Africa to measure the in situ bearing capacity of unbound road pavement layers and sub-grades. The DCP which is correlated with the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (ucs) is used extensively by the Transvaal Roads Department in South Africa to evaluate the bearing capacity of relatively light pavements.  This paper discusses the DCP survey and rehabilitation design which was done as part of the rehabilitation planning for a pavement which was showing signs of distress.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/194673</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE CALIBRATION OF AN EXISTING DESIGN METHOD FOR NEW CONDITIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/194674</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes a procedure for calibrating existing methods to suit local conditions and existing local maintenance standards.  The procedure was developed as part of a research project aimed at validating the use of the TRRL method on lightly trafficked roads in the United Kingdom.  Some examples of the data collected and assessment procedures used on the project are given.  A more general calibration procedure is then described that can, within a period of one to two years, effectively assess the accuracy with which an existing well proven maintenance design method might be applied to a new set of operating conditions. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/194674</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE EVALUATION OF A FREEWAY PAVEMENT USING A COMBINATION OF HEAVY VEHICLE SIMULATOR TESTING AND MECHANISTIC ANALYSIS METHODS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/194675</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Short sections of a dual-carriage freeway, showing structural distress, were reconstructed.  The Road Authority subsequently requested a heavy vehicle simulator (hvs) evaluation of the remaining freeway (between Pretoria and Jan Smuts Airport) to determine future maintenance strategies.  Surveys were conducted to select a test site which would represent the lower ten per cent of the road with regard to bearing capacity.  The surveys included measurements of deflection, rutting and surface cracking, and also measurements of in-situ shear strenght with a pavement dynamic cone penetrometer (dcp).  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/194675</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEFLECTION SURVEYS OF ROAD PAVEMENTS WITH CEMENTED ROADBASES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/194676</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A high percentage of relatively heavily trafficked roads built in the United Kingdom during the past two decades have been of flexible construction with cemented, as opposed to bituminous or granular, roadbases.  The higher strength cemented roadbases, such as lean concrete, crack transversely typically at approximately 6 metre centres and with time these cracks propagate through the overlying bituminous materials to the road surface resulting in transverse zones of weakness which progressively deteriorate if remedial works are not carried out.  In the UK the usual equipment for determining the residual life of a major road pavement, and any remedial works required, is the deflectograph which measures the deflection of the road surface at approximately 3.8 metre centres in both wheel tracks.  There is a relatively low probability that such deflection measurements will be obtained at the high deflection/low life areas in the vicinity of transverse cracks and hence erroneous conclusions can easily be drawn from the survey concerning the future life and maintenance need of such roads.  A revised survey technique is proposed which enables more accurate predictions to made. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/194676</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DYNAMIC DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS: A PRACTICAL TOOL FOR THE EVALUATION OF BEARING CAPACITY OF STABILIZED BASES AFTER CONSTRUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/194677</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A generally approved and commonly applied method of testing the bearing capacity of cement-treated or stabilized base and subbase courses in road construction does not yet exist. Such tests may be effected by taking dynamic deflection measurements with a vibrator.  Mainly because of the small loads involved, the suitability of this apparatus has been checked and approved in preliminary tests.  The paper gives standard acceptance values for the homogeneity and the bearing capacity of such stabilizations (for the material qualities currently used in Switzerland) in function of their thickness.  Having been gathered on several construction sites spread all over Switzerland, these standard values are useful for site control purposes. Dynamic e-moduli can be determined in the analysis of the deflection basin with a multi-layer computer program.  It is thus possible to assess more accurately and separately the strength of both the stabilized material and the subgrade. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/194677</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE USE OF BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTION READINGS IN EVALUATION OF EXTREMELY HEAVY VEHICLE MOVES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/194678</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The investigative and analysis procedures used to evaluate roadways for the movement of two nuclear reactor pressure vessels from Knoxville, Tennessee, USA to TVA's Phipps bend power generation plant are presented.  The route included 46 miles of state, county and private roadways, both paved and unpaved.  The total weight of each reactor pressure vessel and its transport trailer was approximately 3 million pounds.  The five prime movers brought the total weight for each move to 3.5 million pounds.  The transport trailer was supported on 24 axle lines with 16 wheels per axle line. The original analysis procedures are discussed in detail along with the application of proofrolling to verify the results of the analyses.  Benkelman beam deflection testing by the Tennessee Department of Transportation before and after the second move is analyzed.  A procedure for utilizing this deflection data in evaluating the move of the vessels is presented.  The first move was completed in 1980 and the second move was completed in 1981 with no major or significant damage to the roadways.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/194678</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INVESTIGATION OF THE BEARING VALUES OF THE EXISTING CONCRETE PAVEMENT OF THE BANGKOK INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/194679</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An investigation program for the bearing values of the subbase and subgrade layers below the existing concrete pavement of the Bangkok International Airport was conducted in order to gain some information regarding the load bearing capacity of the pavement layers as well as to design the overlay for various sections of the existing concrete apron. Both plate bearing and field CBR tests were performed at some selected locations along the apron and taxiway of the airport.  The concrete strength tests were also conducted associatedly.  Benkelman beam deflection test along the joints of the apron as well as under the main gear of some selected aircrafts was also included in the program.  Data obtained from the bearing test of the lower layers, concrete strength test as well as deflection test in connection with the pavement condition survey enable the engineer to divide the overall apron area into different zones, and to design the probable respective thickness of overlay for the existing pavement.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/194679</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF THE BEARING CAPACITY OF THE RUNWAYS AND TAXIWAYS AT AMSTERDAM AIRPORT, SCHIPHOL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/194680</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper the methodology is described in which the bearing capacity of runways and taxiways at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol can be determiend.  Due to the special circumstances concerning subgrade and construction type (sandwich), a choice is made for deflection measurements using aircraft induced loads (up to 3600 kn) in order to get an insight in pavement (and subgrade) behaviour. Simultaneously falling weight deflection measurements (fwd) are carried out.  The measurement results are analyzed, using the elastic multilayer computer program BISAR.  A correlation has been found - concerning the bearing capacity of the subgrade - between the results of both methods so now fwd measurements can be used as a basis for large scale evaluations.  It has also shown that pavement behaviour (in the Schiphol case) is mainly determined by the subsoil, including the deep firm Pleistocene sandlayers. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/194680</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN INVESTIGATION TO DETERMINE THE STRUCTURAL CAPACITY OF AN AIRFIELD PAVEMENT USING THE PAVEMENT DYNAMIC CONE PENETROMETER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/194681</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Direct evaluation of in situ strength properties of pavement layers has always been desirable but often too cumbersome. A pavement dynamic cone penetrometer (dcp) was developed in South Africa to measure in situ bearing properties of pavement layers and subgrades (1).  The dcp number (dn) is correlated with the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and the unconfined compressive strength (ucs) and has been used extensively by the Transvaal Roads Department in South Africa.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/194681</guid>
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