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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>The Role of Timing of Information Front-Loading and Planning Ahead in All-Human vs. Human-Autonomy Team Performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689267</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The current study examines the effects of teams front-loading information and planning ahead through team-level communication during action phases of taskwork on team performance across all-human and human-autonomy teams (HATs) in a Remotely Piloted Aircraft System-Synthetic Task Environment (RPAS-STE). Twenty-one three-member teams (two participants teaming with either a trained experimenter or autonomous agent) flew an RPA with the goal of photographing target waypoints. Basing action phases on Information-Negotiation-Feedback (I-N-F) loops, we used the time difference between F-I as an indication of a team front-loading information. Planning ahead was hypothesized to occur in teams with longer F-I times. We found that all-human teams performed better than HATs while engaging in less front-loading. This indicates that F-I might have been measuring an aspect of team coordination related to optimal timing of action phases and flow of performing taskwork. Effective teamwork may require the right person (agent) get the right information at the right time rather than front-loading information as much as possible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 03 May 2026 18:19:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689267</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Public Perception of UAM: Are we ready for the new mobility that we have dreamed of?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689079</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has lately emerged as a time-saving mode of air transportation in congested urban areas. However, several challenges to the commercialization and adoption of UAM vehicles exist, such as licensing and restrictions, security, and construction infrastructure. Besides these, public perception is one of the significant aspects of easing psychological stress and representing users’ needs. A survey study was carried out to understand the public perception of UAM and to comprehend how the public perceives and expects UAM aircraft in terms of user requirement analysis as part of human-centered design. To achieve this, a total of 2,847 valid data sets were analyzed. A preliminary data analysis revealed the general level of awareness of UAM machines, expected costs and values for specific scenarios, perceived advantages of UAM vehicles, and overall opinion, along with distinctions based on demographic information such as age groups, residential areas, and income levels. Future research topics might include in-depth data analysis and subsequent user surveys to discover underlying requirements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 03 May 2026 18:19:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689079</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Knowledge of state-recommended following-distance rules</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689157</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rear-end accidents are often attributed to the following vehicle not allowing sufficient headway to react in the event of a sudden change in velocity by the lead vehicle. Accordingly, most U.S. state DMVs offer seconds-based guidelines for safe following distances such as a ‘three-second rule’. However, studies have demonstrated that headways shorter than those recommendations are common. While numerous explanations can account for these observations, fundamentally, drivers must be aware of following distance recommendations in order to follow them. Here, we tested drivers’ knowledge of the following-distance rule (FDR). Results demonstrated that only 55.2% of survey respondents knew their state had an FDR, only 13.4% knew that it was based off of a seconds method, and only 2.4% accurately identified their state’s specific FDR. Factors associated with FDR knowledge included number of years of licensure and self-reported knowledge of driving rules.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 03 May 2026 18:19:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689157</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Behavior Change over Time When Driving with Adaptive Cruise Control</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689063</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A field operational test assessed visual-manual disengagement when driving with adaptive cruise control (ACC) relative to manual driving. Ten volunteers drove instrumented vehicles on public roads for 4 weeks, using the vehicles as they would their own. To study change over time, the 4-week trial was divided evenly into two periods. Analyses were based on video of drives on limited-access highways when speed was above 25 mph. Visual-manual disengagement from driving was defined as periods when drivers had both hands off the steering wheel or performed visual-manual secondary activity with electronics. Odds of visual-manual disengagement increased from period 1 (weeks 1 and 2) to period 2 (weeks 3 and 4) more during ACC use than during manual driving. Conversely, odds of cellphone manipulation and hands-off-wheel behavior increased in period 2 during manual driving only, suggesting a nuanced connection between behavioral adaptation to ACC use after a month of exposure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 03 May 2026 18:19:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689063</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transfer and Retention: A Systematic Exploration of the Effect of a Driver Attention Training Program</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689286</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Young drivers are found to be particularly poor at anticipating latent hazards compared to experienced drivers. Road Awareness and Perception Training (RAPT; Pradhan et al., 2009) is a PC-based driver training program that was designed and demonstrated to improve latent hazard anticipation in young drivers. The current longitudinal study aims to examine retention and transfer of RAPT. Participants will complete pre- and post-training evaluation of their latent hazard anticipation skills in both near- and far-transfer scenarios, and all participants will be randomly assigned to either a RAPT or Placebo training group. Two months later, they will be asked to return for the second evaluation session where their latent hazard anticipation skills will be measured again. We hypothesize that latent hazard anticipation performance will persist for the near-transfer scenarios but decay for the far-transfer scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 03 May 2026 18:19:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689286</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Accumulating Distrust: A Dynamic Model of Automation Disuse</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689312</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Human-automation driving style similarity may be a source of trust that influences drivers’ automation use decisions. This is generally examined in scenarios where the driver is attentive to the automation. However, future automation may not require driver attention. Thus, driving style similarity must be revisited as various levels of attention may affect how drivers accumulate evidence of driving style similarity. A model that considers two levels of driver attention (attentive and non-attentive) in the drivers’ evidence accumulation process is proposed. Dissimilarity is used as the evidence that contributes to driver distrust leading to automation disuse. A 2 (conservative and aggressive automation) × 2 (attentive and non-attentive driver) simulation of car following is examined where the driver is assumed to behave conservatively. Simulation results indicated no significant effect of driving styles on disuse, but inattentiveness mitigates disuse. These simulations may inform future empirical studies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 03 May 2026 18:19:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689312</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Online Method to Study Remote Operation of Automated Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689130</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Remote operation is an emerging technical component of vehicle automation. One scenario could be a remote operator monitors the functioning of automation and take over vehicle control whenever needed. As the operator may face challenges such as degraded situation awareness or vigilance decrement, it is important to understand operator performance in a variety of takeover scenarios. This study presents an effort to create an online method for studying remote takeover performance. In this study, participants were presented with simulated driving videos and were required to indicate when they felt a takeover was needed. To ensure quality data collection in an online procedure, we made specific considerations when implementing the study. In this paper, we address these considerations and present preliminary data. Our findings suggest that operators may be less able to detect certain automation failures such as disobedience of road signs, and the online method could be useful although with limitations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 03 May 2026 18:19:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689130</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>When Transparency Fails: Compliance with Decision Support in Nautical Collision Avoidance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689213</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To attempt to counter uncalibrated compliance with an automated decision aid, the current study sought to introduce some level of transparency into the system’s recommendations. An experiment was conducted using a simple, simulated maritime collision avoidance task featuring an imperfect, but highly reliable, decision aid. Specifically, the aid’s recommendations were sometimes paired with a single confidence measure associated with the actual level of difficulty of the trial. Compliance with the aid produced safer outcomes in terms of miss distance at closest point of approach. However, transparency in the form of confidence measures did not increase overall compliance with the aid, nor affect the safety of maneuvers. Implications for transparency and compliance are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 03 May 2026 18:19:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689213</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Measuring Cognitive Workload of Novice Law Enforcement Officers in a Naturalistic Driving Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689056</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is a large amount of variation between novices and experts in their cognitive workload when performing tasks. A naturalistic pilot study was conducted with nine novice law enforcement officers (nLEOs) to determine how their use of in-vehicle technology affected their cognitive workload during their normal patrols. Physiological data were collected using a novel synchronization process for naturalistic driving studies, allowing heart rate variability and eye tracking measurements to be synchronized together and directly compared to subjective workload levels. It was found that nLEOs have average or higher workload compared to experienced officers and the general population when they are on duty. Future studies can utilize the approaches and findings of this pilot study for conducting naturalistic driving studies and developing cognitive performance models for novice users.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 03 May 2026 18:19:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689056</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Effects of Tactile Display on Automated Vehicle Takeover: A Literature Review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689178</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Current autonomous vehicles are still semi-autonomous and require drivers to take over control of the vehicle under various conditions (e.g., encountering erased lane markings). This presents an issue in human-machine interaction, as there is a need for reliable methods to guide drivers through the sudden and complex takeover process. A tactile display that can present multi-dimensional information (e.g., status, direction, and position) may be a good option, especially when the information presented in their visual and auditory channels is overloading. However, limited work has attempted to summarize this topic. Therefore, the goal of this study is to synthesize literature that examined the effects of tactile display on takeover performance in automated vehicles. Findings indicated that tactile displays can be placed in multiple in-vehicle locations to present various vibrotactile patterns helping to improve drivers’ performance during the automated vehicle takeover, which could inform the design of human-machine interfaces for autonomous vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 03 May 2026 18:19:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689178</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Adapting Crew Resource Management for Training in Unmanned Operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689019</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As automation is increasingly used on the flight deck and in unmanned aerial operations, the concept of “automation as a team member” becomes increasingly important. In addition to taking over certain aviation tasks there is a need to plan and train for the roles taken by automation. While training does exist to teach the flight crew how to interact with automation, the concept of automation as a team member is ill defined. In this work, we used the framework provided by Crew Resource Management (CRM) to begin addressing the needs for developing scenario-based training that address this gap.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 02 May 2026 16:57:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689019</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Empathy from Afar? Towards Empathy for Future Maritime Designers and Remote Operators</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688962</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Having empathy and being able to empathize refer to the ability to understand, view or feel the experiences and perspectives of others. In a work context, the ability of different actors to empathize with others can have positive effects in the design, organization and operations of complex systems. This article explores the value of empathy within safety-critical work systems and discusses the role of empathy as an entry point for user-centered approaches. We use the maritime domain to illustrate why developing empathic skills and knowledge has relevance and added-value for (1) maritime design and designers, and (2) future remote maritime operations and operators of unmanned vessels. We detail our emerging approaches and methods for developing empathy as a tool to enhance interdisciplinary understanding and knowledge sharing with the overall goal of improving Human Factors utilization in applied work contexts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 02 May 2026 16:57:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688962</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Success by Undesirable Means: Differences in Trust Following Successful (Yet Deviant) Flight Path Adherence</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688985</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The success or failure of a system can impact one's trust in that system. User trust can also be affected by system behavior (e.g., type of movement, how social it is, human-likeness). However, there remains a gap in understanding the relationship between these two influences. Additionally, few studies have examined trust following differences in the behavior of systems with consistently successful results across behaviors. Therefore, the degree to which the behavior of a system in the pursuit of a successful outcome can influence user trust is unknown. In one experiment, participants were tasked with plotting a path for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to fly. The UAV deviated from the path by different amounts, between subjects. Despite no differences in measures of performance (the success of the UAV reaching the end destination, time to complete the task, end score, or how far participants had to draw the routes), nor other cognitive constructs (i.e., workload), differences in trust were reported. These results indicate that it is not simply if a system accomplishes a task, but also the way it does that, which influences trust.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 02 May 2026 16:57:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688985</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparing Presence, Workload, and Performance in Desktop and Virtual Reality Flight Simulations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688989</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Virtual reality (VR) offers a training environment that promotes increased learning and performance. However, to what extent VR flight simulations offer increased performance compared to less-immersive simulators is not clear, and neither are their underlying cognitive aspects. In a within-subject experiment, we compared fight performance and subjective measures of workload, presence, and engagement in two flight training environments (Desktop and VR) on two flight tasks of equal difficulty (changing speed and performing turns). No differences were observed in the flight performance between these conditions. However, participants reported higher presence and engagement in the VR training environment. Additionally, we found a correlation between subjective workload and flight performance in the Desktop condition, but not in VR. We conclude that VR is promising for basic flight training tasks and encourage future work to explore this further by investigating neurophysiological indices of workload and engagement and establishing relationships between presence, workload, and flight performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 02 May 2026 16:57:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688989</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Psychological Attributes in Future Spaceport Concepts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689036</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Private U.S. companies are beginning the development of earth-based spaceports-sites for launching and receiving spacecraft. Existing research has examined individuals’ preferences for space travel, but not in the context of spaceports. We developed a mixed-method study that utilized qualitative and quantitative data to examine the psychological principles for founding a human factors perspective of spaceports and space habitats. We administered a survey to community members (N = 204) to address closed and open-ended questions on general space travel, training, and team composition. After evaluating several chi square tests, we found a need for training regardless of space travel affinity, participants desired extensive training times, and participants preferred team compositions resembling existing NASA astronaut crews. These findings have implications for design and implementation of future spaceports. Further research is needed to expand the existing concepts of spaceport development, but consideration of training and team composition for commercial space travelers is necessary.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 02 May 2026 16:57:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689036</guid>
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