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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>METHODS OF ESTABLISHING COMPACTION STANDARDS: LABORATORY BASED PROCEDURES FOR SOILS, AGGREGATES AND ASPHALTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/195291</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A brief description is given of the principal methods used in the establishment of laboratory standard values of density for soils, aggregates and asphalts against which field compaction performance can be compared.  Some rapid methods of test are included.  This paper does not attempt to discuss problems associated with the tests but merely outlines the equipment and procedures.  This paper was presented at Session I: Methods of Establishing Compaction Standards.  For the covering abstract of the conference, see TRIS no. 378031.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/195291</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PRETREATMENT OF PAVEMENT MATERIALS PRIOR TO LABORATORY TESTING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/195292</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper illustrates the need for laboratory pretreatment of pavement materials, to simulate the effects of construction processes, traffic ane environment.  Methods in use are described and compared and the possible effects of oversize material on relative density results are illustrated.  This paper was presented at Session I: Methods of Establishing Compaction Standards.  For the covering abstract of the conference, see TRIS no. 378031. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/195292</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>LIMITATIONS OF LABORATORY COMPACTION METHODS AND SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/195293</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Considerations for alterations to the current laboratory compaction methods contained within as 1289 are indicated. With regard to the subsidiary compaction methods of this standard, restrictions likely to relate to the compensating adjustments within those test characteristics determining the compactive effort applied are discussed.  Tighter specification controls covering the use of mechanical impact equipment appear necessary.  Less arduous requirements for preparing materials for compaction testing are suggested. Procedures for handling oversize material and variable coarse fractions within compaction evaluation systems are recommended.  Wider use of the Hilf method for rapid control of compaction witin roadworks should be investigated.  It is considered that a new standard to incorporate relevant testing methods for stabilised materials should be developed.  Here, timing of the procedural operations involved in compaction testing will require careful thought. Finally, the development of laboratory standards for evaluating vibratory compaction does not yet seem firmly established.  This paper was presented at Session I: Methods of Establishing Compaction Standards.  For the covering abstract of the conference, see TRIS no. 378031. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/195293</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FIELD METHODS OF SETTING COMPACTION STANDARDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/195294</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the late 1940's and the 1950's, the Department of Housing and Construction purchased heavy pneumatic tyred rollers for aircraft pavement construction.  These rollers, and later developments, provided for wheel loads of up to 50t at tyre pressures of up to 1400kpa.  They permitted the loads on pavement materials and subgrades during construction to simulate those expected from aircraft during the life of the pavement.  Compaction standards appropriate to the aircraft loadings and achievable by the rollers were developed through the technique of field roller tests. Field methods of setting compaction standards are in regular use for airfield construction in Australia, using heavy pneumatic tyred rollers and steel drum vibrating rollers. These techniques, which are described in this paper, provide both technical and contractural advantages.  This paper was presented at Session I: Methods of Establishing Compaction Standards.  For the covering abstract of the conference, see TRIS no. 378031.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/195294</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CASE HISTORY: THE SETTING OF COMPACTION STANDARDS FOR HEAVILY TRAFFICKED PAVEMENTS IN THE ADELAIDE URBAN AREA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/195295</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper proposes that compaction standards for heavily trafficked roads have to be set in the full knowledge of material strength, moisture, density relationships.  The proposal is illustrated by examining briefly the case history of the investigation into the distress problems observed in a Federal commercial road.  In this the "ISO-CBR" technique is shown to be a key factor in the understanding of the distress mechanism.  To further highlight and amplify the need to know the material strength, moisture, density relationships, selected base materials have also been analysed by the ISO-CBR technique. This paper was presented at Session I: Methods of Establishing Compaction Standards.  For the covering abstract of the conference, see TRIS no. 378031.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/195295</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRADITIONAL TESTING METHODS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/195296</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A review is presented of traditional in situ density techniques commonly used in Australia with comments on their suitability in various situations, including indications of accuracy, the problems involved and an estimation of time taken for the various methods.  The handling of oversize particles is discussed with a recommendation that they not be excluded from the tests.  This paper was presented at Session II: Field Measurement of Density.  For the covering abstract of the conference, see TRIS no. 378031. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/195296</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FIELD MEASUREMENT OF DENSITY: METHODS OF ASSESSMENT BASED ON JUDGEMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/195297</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper comments briefly on the essential relationship which should exist between construction testing and construction process control.  The range of options available to ensure consistency and adequate quality of construction when normal relative density testing facilities are not available is discussed.  Comment is made on the limitations of and precautions desirable in the use of such methods.  This paper was presented at Session II: Field Measurement of Density.  For the covering abstract of the conference, see TRIS no. 378031.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/195297</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CALIBRATION, STABILITY AND USE OF NUCLEAR METERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/195299</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Determination of density and moisture content by nuclear meters is an indirect method of measurement and calibration equations are necessary to relate instrument response to the magnitude of the property being measured.  Initially the meters were calibrated against the results of sand replacement tests or against the average densities and moisture contents of materials compacted in boxes of known volume.  The shortcomings of these methods were the uncertainty whether the densities and moisture contents quoted are applicable to the calibration, the lack of repeatability and reproducibility, and the length of time and the number of personnel required.  Calibration on standard blocks overcomes these problems and is recommended. The density standard blocks are cut from rocks selected for uniformity, the moisture standard blocks are made from sand polystyrene blends.  In addition to the stability checks recommended by the manufacturers, consistency checks should be carried out at regular intervals.  Thorough training of the operators and adherence to detailed test methods is essential.  Density measurements should be carried out in the direct transmission mode.  This paper was presented at Session II: Field Measurement of Density.  For the covering abstract of the conference, see TRIS no. 378031. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/195299</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A SYSTEM FOR THE CALIBRATION AND OPERATION OF NUCLEAR METERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/195300</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Tasmanian DMR has developed a three-tiered system for the operation of its nuclear meters, which includes statistical checks on the daily couunt, field calibration against sand replacement for gravels and coring for asphalt, and regular checks on the performance of all meters on standard stone blocks.  The calibration method assumes parallelism with the manufacturer's line in a small range of densities close to the acceptance limit of the material. Regular checking of the meters on the standard stone blocks provides an indication of their performance on an unchanging reference, which enables us to detect any drift in performance of a meter.  Consistent performance on the blocks is used as a guarantee that current calibrations for that meter are still valid.  This paper outlines the reasoning behind the development of this system, and shows through examples how it has been found to operate.  This paper was presented at Session II: Field Measurement of Density.  For the covering abstract of the conference, see TRIS no. 378031.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/195300</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE INTERPRETATION AND USE OF RELATIVE COMPACTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/195302</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses the application of relative compaction criteria to roadworks construction control.  It explores why relative compaction in particular is used for density control, the form and accuracy requirements of relative compaction criteria and the various factors (materials type, testing methods, variability etc) that have to be considered in its interpretation and application.  The paper illustrates that relative compaction control requires careful planning and continual vigilance.  This paper was presented at Session III: Use of Relative Compaction in Road Construction.  For the covering abstract of the conference, see TRIS no. 378031.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/195302</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL TYPES AND METHODS ON SPECIFICATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/195303</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper first considers specifications generally and identifies two distinct types, viz methods and end product specifications.  Types of material are then considered, and their differences, relevant to compaction, identified. Groups of materials and their condition are then rated in a general manner with respect to ease of compaction and compaction plant, layer thickness and moisture condition proposed, in order to achieve the required level of compaction.  Particular attention was given to cement treated materials, which pavement designers assume to possess high strength, but which show wide variation in this and other mechanical properties with moderate variation of density.  The methods are reviewed further, and the paper argues that fast nuclear methods of density measurement suit both, end product and method specifications. Nondestructive, auscultative methods are argued to have restricted application for density testing.  finally, current specifications by several sras are reviewed, where they cover compaction and its control, and the differences highlighted.  This paper was presented at Session III: Use of Relative Compaction in Road Construction.  For the covering abstract of the conference, see TRIS no. 378031. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/195303</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VARIABILITY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON RELATIVE COMPACTION SPECIFICATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/195304</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The components of observed variation inn relative compaction are defined as relating to the material, the placement process and the measurement/assessment techniques.  Reasons are advanced for some of the variations and their likely effects on total observed variation discussed qualitatively. Factors to be considered in deciding the relative frequency of measurements to define as placed condition, as distinct from the reference density are discussed, as are different approaches to the definition of this standard.  It is stressed that different variability may be associated with different measurement systems and that allowance should be made for this.  This paper was presented at Session III: Use of Relative Compaction in Road Construction.  For the covering abstract of the conference, see TRIS no. 378031. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/195304</guid>
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