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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>MANAGEMENT OF RISK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/36107</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There are many risks involved with subsurface construction, but most of them can be identified .  By thoughtful management, some can be overcome, others reduced and still others shared in such a manner that their overall cost to the owner is minimized.  When innovative methods, equipment, or materials are introduced, certain risks may increase to the point that advancement of the state-of-the-art is discouraged.  In such cases, the owner, and society in general, may benefit from a reallocation of these risks. By recognizing the various classes of risk and deliberately setting out to manage them effectively, the mining and construction industries can optimize their service to society.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/36107</guid>
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      <title>ROSSLYN STATION, VIRGINIA: GEOLOGY, EXCAVATION AND SUPPORT OF A LARGE, NEAR SURFACE, HARD ROCK CHAMBER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/36109</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The large chamber was excavated in hard rock by conventional drill-and-shoot methods and supported with steel ribs and shotcrete.  The station design, based on a moderate amount of subsurface information, was proven well suited to the actual rock conditions encountered.  Although some problems were anticipated with jointed, large rock blocks, these problems were minimized by using drilled-in-spile bars in the crown and rock bolting in the sidewalls.  It can only be concluded that the station design was compatible with the geologic conditions expected which were hard, blocky rock and tight joints.  These factors permitted excavation and support of the opening without serious loss of ground, settlement of the surface street, or other adverse incident.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/36109</guid>
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      <title>TUNNELING AND UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION - GENERATOR OF LITIGATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/36110</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Contractors, in the present climate of cost escalation of labor, materials and equipment, general inflation and oppressive contract provisions are showing increasing reluctance to bid either a firm lump sum price or firm unit prices for major projects that will require more than a year or two to complete.  But public agencies generally are forced by policy, regulations or legal authority to award contracts on competitive bids that call for a firm price commitment.  One possible way of reducing litigation in such risky work as tunneling would be to include in firm price bid invitations bid items for specific changed conditions or other foreseeable contingencies.  The prices quoted for these items would be paid only to the extent the changed conditions were encountered or the contingencies occurred.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/36110</guid>
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      <title>PLANNING UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/36112</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The modern under ground constructor faces economic and competitive conditions which demand exacting planning, logistics and scheduling; the most efficient operation methods and equipment known; and realistic, comprehensive; analytical risk evaluation with adequate contingencies or other protection.  Planning can usually be separated into two phases: preconstruction and during construction. Preconstruction work includes a thorough review and familiarization with engineering and contract documents, site investigations, evaluating such local conditions as weather and labor supply, selection of construction methods and equipment, and preparation of detailed cost estimates. During construction, planning encompasses preparation of detailed work schedules, cost controls, and contingency plans.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/36112</guid>
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      <title>WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA TRANSIT AUTHORITY"S EXPERIENCE WITH CONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIPS IN TUNNELING CONTRACTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/36114</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Each subsurface project must be given intense study, more subsurface data must be collected, and made available to bidders and ample time for design and review should be available.  The early determination that there is or is not a differing site condition should be made only after a complete study at the Contracting Officer level where all elements of expertise are available.  Audits are of major assitance to negotiators and adequate audit staff to keep up with the workload is esential.  Contractual relationships are improved when construction management and technical inspection services are provided by other than the designer. The owner and the contractor must establish and maintain good public relations, otherwise poor contractual relations might develop.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/36114</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>FORECASTING RAPID EXCAVATION DEMANDS IN THE URBAN SECTOR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/36116</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper describes efforts made since the 1972 Rapid Excavation Conference in Chicago to generate more thoughtful and more robust estimates of urban sector demands, and to apply what has been learned to the most difficult category of predictions: those for urban mass transit systems.  A modest sample survey has been undertaken of demands by major category in three key american Urban areas: New York, Los angels, and Minneapolis-St. Paul.  This is the only empirical effort going on to establish comprehensive benchmarks for present and future activity in these major metropolitan areas.  From the data collected it should be possible to estimate propensities to spend in other cities for the important urban utilities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/36116</guid>
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      <title>PLANNING SUBWAYS BY TUNNEL OR CUT-AND-COVER. SOME COST- BENEFIT COMPARISONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/36121</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The largest single cost for any new transit system is construction, accounting for up to 70 percent of the total system cost.  But intangible social costs, borne by the affected neighborhood community, may add as much as 25 percent to the total system cost.  When these intangibles are taken into account in terms of loss of local economy, decrease of social activities, and general community disruption, high speed and deep tunneling methods become more competitive with cut and cover construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/36121</guid>
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      <title>RAPID MUCK HAULAGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/36106</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper discusses various ways of moving muck from the face of an underground excavation to the portal or shaft. Among the methods and equipment reviewed are rail haulage, cars and locomotives, rubber tired haulage, belt conveyors, pumped slurry, and compressed air.  The paper concludes that rail haulage is capable of keeping up with the progress of the present generation of moles.  It is simple low in first cost and has high resale value.  Its present capacity can be increased by speeding up the locomotives.  Pumping of hydraulic slurry should have a bright future on long tunnels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/36106</guid>
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      <title>HENDERSON TUNNEL HAULAGE AND MATERIAL HANDLING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/36115</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Paper describes the selection of basic methods and equipment involved in driving a large diameter, 10 mile tunnel for the Henderson Mine Project in Colorado.  Major focus is on the equipment used to haul muck from the face and to keep the operation supplied with materials.  The paper discusses the haulage equipment, locomotive and train size, track layout, the effect of schedule and cost factors on equipment selection, specialized equipment for combined tunnel drive and permanent facility installation, traffic control, and includes a roster of all rail equipment being used.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/36115</guid>
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      <title>UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION - STATUS AND POTENTIAL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/36113</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Paper traces the development of tunneling methods up to the present day machines that can excavate up to 1,000 ft per week.  Today the problems and the timeframe in which to reach solutions are different, and there is an urgency that is far greater than in the past.  Some research and development projects of special promise include large-scale material handling systems including transport of tunnel muck hydraulically as a slurry, excavation by water cannon and by thermal-mechanical fragmentation, rock melting, pumpable, liquid rock bolts, continuous lining operations, and various kinds of stress measurement and analysis and roof deformation studies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/36113</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR ESTIMATING COSTS OF TUNNELING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/36092</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper describes a computer program that performs all logic and computations customarily done by hand in preparation of engineers' estimates or contractors' bids on tunnel-shaft systems.  The program is based on construction methods, work forces and equipment selections corresponding to the current state-of-the-art of rock, soft ground and cut-and-cover tunnelling.  The program contains logic to permit estimates of cost of complicated tunnel-shaft systems, as well as quantities Cost computations are based on user-input requirements and site conditions, such as tunnel shape and size, shaft depth, ground characteristics, construction methods, and other factors.  The user of the program is provided with options for accepting designs built into the program or overriding these designs by his own inputs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/36092</guid>
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      <title>PLANNING OF AN URBAN TRANSPORTATION FACILITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/36093</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The planning process can be broadly classified into: the goal formulation and decision making process; the plan development process; and the plan implementation process. Urban transportation planning should ideally be set up as a governmental body in which all urban transportation would be dealt with on a regional basis.  Each function of the mass transit administration should be clearly defined and organized into a unit responsible for the function alone, and each one of these units should be headed by a single responsible director.  The interdependency of transportation functions and urban development should be recognized and headed by an administrative authority.  The paper includes a case history to illustrate the complex nature of the planning process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/36093</guid>
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