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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES IN SPILLED OIL WEATHERING UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/19033</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report summarizes and discusses observations made during a study of the long term behavior of oil weathering under natural conditions.  The specific case examined is that of a spill of Bunker C oil which occurred in Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia in February 1970.  A sampling program organized for this study included analysis of viscosity, density, and concentration of nickel, vanadium, sulfur, and asphaltenes.  The specific analytical techniques utilized in the sampling program are discussed.  Results of these analyses indicated that changes in physical properties and chemical composition occurred fairly rapidly in the initial few months, but little change occurred subsequently.  Based on these results, the authors conclude that the effect of a residual fuel spill, in similar circumstances, will be evident for many years.  The authors advise that the results and conclusions based on this study should not be generalized to a great extent in attempting to predict the effects of other spills.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 May 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/19033</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OIL SPILL BEHAVIOR IN A WINTER ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/19034</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the 1969 discovery of large reserves of oil on the Alaskan North Slope, a comprehensive Coast Guard research program was initiated to determine the fate and behavior of crude oil discharges in an arctic environment.  Arctic field tests were conducted off Barrow, Alaska, in June 1970, and at Port Clarence, Alaska, in January 1972, in an attempt to quantize oil spreading on and under ice, oil aging on ice, unique interaction characteristics between snow and oil, and the effectiveness of existing oil recovery techniques and treating agents.  A brief description of the test site and equipment is presented.  A simplified theory developed in an attempt to describe theoretically the spreading of oil on snow and ice is discussed.  The field tests examined such effects as temperature, wind, and oil and oil and ice interaction, as well as the effectiveness of such cleanup techniques as surface active agents, and burning agents.  The author's conclusion, based on these field tests, include that the spreading of oil over ice and snow is dominated by gravity and inertial forces, that adsorption of oil into the snow or ice surface is minimal, and that the aging rate of oil on ice is decreased when compared with temperature climate aging.  A significant conclusion is that artificial cleanup agents such as sorbents, dispersants, surface active agents, and burning agents are of little or no practical use in extreme cold temperature conditions as found in the Arctic Winter.  Recommendations for oil clean-up techniques appropriate for the arctic environment are included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 May 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/19034</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NON-DETERMINISTIC ANALYSIS OF A MARINE RISER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/19035</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents some significant results of analytical investigations of the effect of various problem parameters on the nondeterministic response of a marine riser to random wave forces and deterministic steady current forces. It is shown by the authors that the response to random wave forces is highly dependent upon the spectral distribution of wave energy density as well as the total average energy density.  Among other conclusions based on this study is the finding that several modes, contribute significantly to the random response.  The authors cite several areas where further research would improve the model as formulated in this study, and includes such aspects as model-field observation comparisons, fatigue failure, and more reliable information regarding the spectral distribution of energy of a random sea.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 May 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/19035</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>SOME CAUTIONS ON THE EMPLOYMENT OF THE SPECTRAL TECHNIQUE TO DESCRIBE THE WAVES OF THE SEA AND THE RESPONSE THERETO OF OCEANIC SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/19036</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An overview is presented of the spectral technique for describing, analyzing and predicting the characteristics of seawaves.  The author explicitly identifies the conditions that must be observed for the analysis to be proper and the predictions to be accurate.  The nature of the errors that are introduced if these conditions are ignored is further discussed.  The author points out that when the sea state is light, it can be validly described, (in principle) by the spectral distribution of its variance or energy but that empirical formulations of the shape of the spectrum are not fully satisfactory.  However, it is indicated that there is a strong convergence toward a definite basic shape.  When the seas grow to moderate intensity, the variance spectrum begins to lose validity, although adjustment can be made so that it remains usable but with lessened confidence.  When the seas grow to great intensity, the variance spectrum cannot be depended upon to describe the sea.  Prediction of the extreme characteristics of seawaves suffers from serious uncertainty.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 May 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/19036</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TESTING OF A HIGH SEAS OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/19037</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A system for recovery of petroleum products from accidental offshore spills has been developed and tested.  The testing has included both model testing and full-scale testing of a 60 ft. long system capable of recovering oil at a rate of 2,000 gallons per minute.  The tests have shown the system to be capable of recovering spilled oil at high efficiencies (less than ten percent water in the recovered oil) at the 2,000 gpm rate under environmental conditions ranging from calm to a sea state with eight-foot significant wave height and in currents up to three knots. Tests indicate the system efficiency to be relatively independent of oil specific gravity, viscosity, oil film thickness, wind and wave conditions, oil-water interfacial tension, surface temperature and variation in significant oil type when towed at speeds of one to three knots.  The oil recovery rate was observed to be relatively independent of the foregoing parameters with the exceptions of oil film thickness and, within specified limits, the viscosity.  The oil recovery system is completely self contained with its own power unit, control systems, and pumps, and is air and truck transportable for rapid deployment to remote spill locations.  A double weir system is employed to obtain the high performance of the system, which operates in such a way that oil thickens in front of the primary weir and then further thickens in front of the secondary weir, where it is withdrawn.  Typically, the system concentrates free slicks from a thickness of 0.1 inches or less to a depth of approximately two feet in front of the secondary weir. The testing program includes additional full-scale tests, both under laboratory conditions and at sea, to further verify the system performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 May 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/19037</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE MEAN WAVE, WIND AND CURRENT FORCES ON OFFSHORE STRUCTURES AND THEIR ROLE IN THE DESIGN OF MOORING SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/19083</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The mean forces induced by waves, wind, and current on tankers, barges, and other structures, are very important for the selection of an appropriate passive or active positioning system.  This paper presents techniques and procedures for the determination of these forces, especially for tanker shaped bodies, taking into account the main influence of water depth.  The application of the estimated mean forces to the preliminary design of a mooring system is discussed.  An example illustrating the procedures is presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 May 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/19083</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WAVE FORCES ON SUBMERGED CYLINDERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/19085</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes a simple method to calculate wave forces on a submerged large, vertical cylinder of arbitrary height standing on the sea floor.  The method is based on a long wave solution of the wave scattering problem valid for wavelengths comparable with the cylinder diameter. This long wave solution, however, converges towards exact solutions when the cylinder top is either approaching the sea surface or the sea bottom.  From the formulae obtained, a set of still simpler asymptotic expressions for the forces due to very long waves are deduced.  The very long wave expression for the horizontal force is compared with the Morison's equation, and an expression for the mass coefficient valid for submerged cylinders is suggested. Based on a comparison of results obtained by the present theory and results from model measurements and alternative computations, the author has found the agreement to be significant.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 May 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/19085</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GROSS AND LOCAL WAVE LOADS ON A LARGE VERTICAL CYLINDER--THEORY AND EXPERIMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/19088</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses a study wherein the dynamic effects on a large vertical circular cylinder due to waves were measured experimentally in a wave tank in the form of pressures and forces.  Because of the large diameter of the cylinder compared to the wave lengths, appreciable diffraction of the waves from the surface of the cylinder was expected.  Expressions of pressures, forces and moments were developed following the classical analysis of Havelock on a fixed obstacle in waves and which includes wave diffraction effects.  The viscous effects were neglected in the analysis on the assumption that for a cylinder of this size the inertia force is most predominant. Linear wave theory was applied in the study of the interaction of waves with a bottom-mounted object.  The prediction results from this theory compared favorably with the experimentally measured data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 May 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/19088</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HYDROWELD UNDERWATER WELDING PROCESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/19089</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes an underwater welding process which has been under development since 1968.  The process permits the welder/diver to work in-the-wet while the actual welding is performed in a dry gaseous environment using a specially-developed portable miniature habitat.  The actual welding, utilizing a metal-inert-gas (MIG) process, consistently produces API1104 code welds in all welding positions in a large range of steel types and grades.  Early and recent welding developments (including the Hydroweld concept) are summarized.  Specific components of the Hydroweld equipment are described and illustrated.  Surface and joint preparation and welding procedure for the underwater environment are discussed.  Field examples include successful welds which have been made to depths of 95 feet.  Possible applications include new construction and repair of virtually any subsea structure with surface-quality welding.  The authors state that the process could possibly be adapted to aluminum and any other weldable material.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 May 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/19089</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MEASUREMENTS OF THE RESPONSE OF BLUFF CYLINDERS TO FLOW INDUCED VORTEX SHEDDING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/19090</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The prediction and measurement of vortex-excited vibrations and associated fluid forces are important in such ocean engineering applications as the determination of the flow-induced lift and drag forces on sea floor pipelines and structural members, tow and mooring cables, and suspended pipelines which must be known in order to implement proper design procedures and to prevent costly failures.  This paper discusses a study wherein measurements were made of the response characteristics and flow about circular cylinders that were mounted on springs in a wind tunnel.  Free stream Reynolds numbers for two cylindrical models ranged respectively from 350 to 550 and from 550 to 900.  The measured vibration frequencies, amplitudes, and phase angles are compared with predictions made with an heuristic wake oscillator model for the vortex-excited vibrations.  Steady drag measurements were made and show that the drag coefficient increases by as much as 75 percent at the maximum vibration amplitude from the measured stationary cylinder value.  Lift amplification and energy transfer from the flow during resonance are compared over the range of the experiments.  Energy determinations made from the measured response and damping data are in good agreement with the results of the theory.  The agreement between theory and experiment indicated that further development of the wake oscillator model is warranted.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 May 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/19090</guid>
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