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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>PERSISTENT HYDROCARBON CONTENT OF THE SEA ALONG CERTAIN TANKER ROUTES-A PRELIMARY REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/25104</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A preliminary report on the ocean sampling and analysis project which is designed to measure hydrocabons, predominately the heavier hydrocarbons found in what are called "persistent oils" now dissolved or dispersed in waters of the oceans. Samples are being taken from Exxon vessels to measure the hydrocarbons dispersed in about the top meter of the water column and at a depth of approximately 10 meters. In addition, the deep waters of the  Atlantic are being sampled from oceanographic research vessels. The scope of this project does not include the sampling and analysis of tar balls, floating oil, or nonpersistent oils. The work is still in progress, but results are available from samples taken between Gulf of Mexico ports and New York, between Caribbean ports and New York, and between Brega and La Spezia in the Mediterranean Sea.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 May 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>SPM'S FOR DEEPWATER PETROLEUM TERMINALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/25105</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of VLCC's and the contruction of deepwater offshore oil terminals are economically and environmentally desirable in meeting the U.S's needs to import large volumes of crude oil. A number of offshore terminal alternatives are possible, depending on site and operating environment conditions. However, the single point mooring has proved to be very suitable for installation in unprotected waters where the operating environment is moderate to severe. Engineering studies indicate the use of the SPM cluster improves the economics of multi-SPM installations.  The cluster also would improve the control of mooring and cargo transfer operations. This concept is being designed and/or proposed for several large crude oil terminals at the present time.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 May 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>OFFSHORE TANKER "ISLAND"</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/25017</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Attention is focused on terminals for the receipt of crude oil, or products, rather than shipment.  The term "island" has come to mean several things in connection with oil terminals.  There are real, existing islands, artificial islands made by dredging fill from the sea bed, and then there is the "sea-island" or "jetty", which is a structure supported on piles, or caissons, sunk into the sea floor. The distinction seems to be that in an "island", the tanker berths alongside a fixed structure with a predetermined orientation.  With respect to wind and weather, therefore, the vessel cannot turn to face it, as is the case with most of the buoy-type terminals, and the conventional mid-ship manifolds are connected by short hoses or mechanical pipe arms to pipe lines that conduct the oil to storage tanks. Government efforts would seem to be directed toward sorting out various agency commitments relative to a single or multi-purpose offshore tanker terminal.  State agreement and assistance has been negative, nor has industry approval been universal.  With the Administration lacking a strong and active policy, the time likely to be needed for government and the oil industry to arrive at a common plan, obtain the funds, political support, permits and organization to build such a terminal will probably be a matter of ten years.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Jan 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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