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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES FOR BUS SERVICE PROVISION IN SOME ASIAN CITIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/276596</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Scheduled bus services in cities in South and East Asia are provided by companies in both the public and private sector, with government exercising control over the pattern of services and fares in a variety of different ways.  In Singapore, Hong Kong and Seoul, scheduled services are provided by private sector companies but while the majority of services in Hong Kong and Singapore are provided, in each case, by two companies each with their own identity, in Seoul there is a large number of different companies all operating in a common livery.  Bangkok has a government controlled company which has a target of breaking even although it has run at a major operating loss for several years.  Fares in Korea are fixed by the government at a level common to all cities while in Hong Kong there is considerable variation both between companies and between routes operated by any one company.  In the paper, it is proposed to undertake a comparative analysis of some of the key features of the international framework of bus service provision in selected South and East Asian cities drawing upon recent experience of bus studies in Bangkok, Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore  and Sri Lanka.  For the covering abstract of the seminar see IRRD 283718.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 28 Aug 2004 04:45:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/276596</guid>
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      <title>THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCH AND TRAINING IN TRANSPORT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/276594</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper, presented in an abstract form, is based on a visit on behalf of the Overseas Development Administration (ODA) to the Arab Republic of Egypt to advise on the formation and organisation of a national transport institute.  This institute would address itself to the problems of educational and training requirements of the transport sector as well as being the beginnings of a research centre, i.e., in the mould of TRRL, in the first place for Egypt, with the possibility of wider horizons with the passage of time.  Therefore, the paper seeks to open a discussion on the form of such an institute, its function, personnel and personnel training.  For the covering abstract of the seminar see IRRD 283718.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 28 Aug 2004 04:45:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/276594</guid>
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      <title>ELECTRONIC ROAD PRICING IN HONG KONG</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/271638</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to assess all aspects of the feasibility of Electronic Road Pricing (ERP), the Hong Kong government engaged Transpotech to carry out a two year pilot stage project with the following objectives:  1) to demonstrate the technical viability of ERP by supplying a fully functional subset of the equipment that would be needed for a full system; 2)  to estimate all the effects of road pricing on the community, and to evaluate fully the impacts that a viable system would have:  3)  to investigate, report and advise on all accounting, administrative and legislative aspects of introducing a full road pricing system; and 4) to provide reports of sufficient detail to facilitate the progression to the implementation of a full system.  A full subset of the road system engineering components of a road pricing system has been supplied by Plessey Controls Limited and is currently fully operational on site in the central area of Hong Kong.  Evaluation of the system has shown that there are no technological barriers to the introduction of ERP in Hong Kong.  The MVA Consultancy has conducted a major transportation study to assess the effects of road pricing in Hong Kong.  The results have shown that a full system in Hong Kong would be extremely efficient and cost-effective, and a number of viable schemes have been presented.  For the covering abstract of the seminar see IRRD 286719.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 22:01:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/271638</guid>
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      <title>CONGESTION PRICING OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/271637</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper deals with the calculation of zone-to-zone optimum fares for surface transit in the Las-Condes CBD corridor in Santiago, Chile.  The analysis is carried out for each of eight zones identified within that corridor. An innovation in methodology is the introduction of congestion costs caused by cars and buses.  A disaggregate demand model which takes into account three levels of income is used. Optimum fares are obtained using an iterative method. Welfare gain is calculated for each zone using the equivalent variation, social costs and private expenditure. Results indicate that all competing modes are priced over marginal social costs, but the largest difference is associated with the bus-subway combination for all zones. The demand for subway transport (or combination) is the most sensitive to variations in surface transit fare.  The combination of these two effects makes the subway (or bus-subway) the mode that contributes most to a significant difference between the optimum fare and the marginal cost of surface transit services.  Results also suggest a linear variation in the optimum fare with distance from the CBD.  A road pricing system would achieve its primary objective of controlling congestion and would bring a number of subsidiary benefits, including automatic toll collection, traffic data collection and fleet management facilities. For the covering abstract of the seminar see IRRD 286719. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 22:01:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/271637</guid>
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      <title>THE ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF THE NEW RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRENCH REGIONAL DEPARTMENTAL AUTHORITIES AND TRANSPORT OPERATORS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/271636</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The "departments" or regions in France have four years to enter into an agreement with transport companies for non urban passenger services (regular services, services on request, school transport).  Many passenger companies are in a weak economic position because of growing deficits in services caused by a decline in patronage, non renewal of vehicles, controlled fare increases.  Since the law of "orientation of internal transport" (loti) implemented at the end of 1982, new agreements have been reached, which differ from previous ones in many respects:  economic philosophy behind the agreement (bigger share out of commercial risks), the community participation investment in vehicles takes different shapes, agreements concern non urban transport activities.  Besides, this agreement can bring in other partners:  intercommunal syndicates organising urban transport, secondary-importance organisers in the case of school buses.  Draft treaties between the "departments" and public service companies can also come into play.  This paper examines the different possible ways the community can intervene by means of agreement to ensure a renewal of urban transport and to implement the principle of "transport right for all".  The author analyses the financial relations between communities and public service companies.  Attention is drawn to the new structures set up by the organising authorities and by public service companies.  This paper is presented in an abstract form. For the covering abstract of the seminar see IRRD 286719. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 22:01:51 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>TRANSPORT POLICY IN PORTUGAL: HARMONISATION OF THE TERMS OF COMPETITION IN THE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTORS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/271635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The author examines the participation of the private and public sectors in the transport market.  Access to the market and operational terms (excessive regulation of road haulage and protection of the public sector) are discussed. The benefits of market liberalization and harmonization of the terms of competition are outlined.   For the covering abstract of the seminar see IRRD 286719.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 22:01:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/271635</guid>
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      <title>ACCESS TO INTERCITY RAIL SERVICES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/271634</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One of the main deterrents to long distance rail travel in the UK is the difficulty of getting to an intercity station. British Rail is examining two main ideas for improving access to its intercity services over the next few years: 1) improved cross-London services to serve the large number of people living South of London.  In the longer term, the potential for a major new link through central London is examined.   Meanwhile, in 1986, it is intended to expand the current very limited operation via a route to the West of central London; 2)  parkway stations with good road access and parking facilities to encourage travellers to leave their cars and continue their journey by rail.  Sites close to the M25 are of particular interest.  As well as being parkway stations, these could make it possible to provide a high quality bus or coach service to Heathrow Airport. These ideas are primarily intended to improve the financial performance of intercity business. The effect on operating costs and the potential for reducing costs elsewhere in the railway are both as important as the revenue benefit.  In order to assess the likely revenue benefits from the proposed schemes, research was undertaken into several factors affecting rail traffic levels, in particular the impact of interchanges and access times.  An attempt is being made to bring together these various aspects of research with the traditional framework for traffic forecasting so as to obtain a comprehensive methodology for assessing the revenue effects of schemes such as proposed in this paper.  For the covering abstract of the seminar see IRRD 286719.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 22:01:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/271634</guid>
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      <title>RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE QUALITY OF LINKAGES OF TRANSPORT NETWORK AND CUSTOMERS' CHOICE OF TRANSPORT MEANS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/271633</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The author recalls the inadequate links existing in France between different public transport modes outside urban areas.  The aim of this paper is to make some improvements to the existing networks in order to promote wider use of public transport.  Two sites were selected with different parameters of efficiency as regards speed, frequency, comfort, schedule compatibility, distance between connection points, parking amenities for cars and cycles close to stations, availability of information to travellers, travel passes within one zone.  Transport users were selected at each site and given questionnaires.  The sample of users was representative taking account of age, sex, household size, income, and car ownership.  Each respondent answered questions on journeys to work, privately motivated journeys, recreational journeys, and business-related journeys.  The answers to the questionnaire are used to determine the order of priority for improving connections between transport modes. This paper is presented in an abbreviated form.  For the covering abstract of the seminar see IRRD 286719. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 22:01:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/271633</guid>
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      <title>EUROPEAN TRAVELLERS INFORMATION SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/271632</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the preliminary findings of a feasibility study into the technical possibilities and economic justification of a system for providing journey information before and during the journey to individual travellers making long distance or international trips within Europe.  The study comprises a survey of current travel-related information systems and sources of data in all EEC member countries, most of the other European countries and a few major developed states such as the USA. The investigation concerns all modes of travel, with highway and sea travel being of particular interest.  The results of the investigation are outlined, together with the requirements for a Pan-European system which would include primary sources of data (such as networks, timetables, weather situation, accidents, etc) and its suppliers, the (database servers, broadcast agencies) and means by which the data are supplied (TV, videotex, computer terminals). The paper describes the major components of such a system design, with particular emphasis on computing and telecommunication requirements.  For the covering abstract of the seminar see IRRD 286719.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 22:01:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/271632</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PUBLIC TRANSPORT SUBSIDIES AND THEIR EFFICIENCY IMPACTS IN THE US AND WEST GERMANY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/271630</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Subsidies to urban public transport have grown rapidly throughout the world over the past two decades.  This trend has been especially pronounceD in the US and West Germany. Since 1970 the combined operating and capital subsidies from all government levels has increased 14-fold in the US and 3-fold in Germany.  Subsidies currently cover almost all capital costs and a substantial portion of operating costs as well.  In both countries doubts have arisen as regards the desirability of such large subsidies.  Extensive economic research has shown that the transit subsidy programme in the US is inefficient.  Subsidies are thought to have accelerated cost escalation by encouraging large wage increases, productivity decline, and the expansion or maintenance of extremely unprofitable and underutilized services.  The subsidy programme in Germany is encountering problems as well.  The paper analyses the differences in transit finance between Germany and the US, with special emphasis on the impacts of subsidies on efficiency and costs.  The first part documents differences in organisation, levels of subsidies and methods of distributing them, fare policy, and tax financing of subsidies. The second part examines the impacts of subsidies on fares, service levels, productivity and costs.  The principal finding is that subsidies have been far more effective in West Germany, which is probably attributable to the much higher degree of fiscal responsibility of transit decision-makers there.  In contrast, most of the subsidy burden in the US is borne by the Federal and state levels of government, whereas operating decisions and investment plans are made by local government officials.  For the covering abstract of the seminar see IRRD 286719.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 22:01:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/271630</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A DECADE OF URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT DECISIONS: AN ANTHOLOGY AND ANALYSIS OF BUS AND RAIL POLICY MAKING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/271629</link>
      <description><![CDATA[From their inception the passenger transport authorities and executives have been concerned with the provision of an integrated system of public passenger transport.  For a shorter period, less than a decade, shire county councils have sought to promote co-ordinated public transport.  This all-embracing approach belies the fragmented nature of the policy making and decision-taking processes at work in practice.  This paper outlines the legal framework and institutional context of public transport policy making in the provincial conurbations.  The major areas of decision-taking are examined to establish the nature of the issues confronting decision-takers and the political and financial context applicable.  This establishes both principle and practice in relation to decisions on matters of operation and investment; revenue and capital spending; and covers issues ranging from fares, routes and timetables to rolling stock and infrastructure.  The paper seeks in particular to discover whether such differences as exist between decisions concerning rail and bus services are superficial and relate to inherent differences in technology or institutional arrangements for operation, or are more fundamental and reflect either overt differences in policy or covert differences in the decision-taking process. The paper's findings are illustrated by examples drawn largely from Greater Manchester and relating to decisions on fares and service levels in the public transport plan; the service revisions proposed in the basic bus network study exercises; garage closures; and capital investment programmes including the Picc-Vic, rail scheme, railway upgradings and the light rapid transit proposals.  Finally, the possible impacts of: --the abolition of the metropolitan county councils;--the changes in the TPP system and grant arrangements;--the de-regulation of bus service operation are considered.  This paper is presented in an abstract form.  For the covering abstract of the seminar see IRRD 286719.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 22:01:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/271629</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>THE LONDON REGIONAL TRANSPORT ACT, 1984: A MODEL FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN THE 1980'S</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/271627</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper compares the regulatory framework for running London local bus services under the London Regional Transport Act 1984 with that proposed for the rest of the country and to assess the relative merits of regulated competition and complete deregulation.  The paper outlines LRT's statutory duties and considers the progress made by LRT towards satisfying the four tasks set by the Secretary of State for Transport.  Changes in the nature and volume of service provision in the London area since the new planning framework was established are also examined.  The evolution of LRT's tendering system is described, with a detailed discussion of the major issues concerning the form of contract and type of conditions attached.  A preliminary assessment of the impact of tendering on unit costs and on service patterns is provided.  The results indicate that significant cost reductions can be achieved under a system of supply side competition.  The paper concludes by examining the relevance of LRT's statutory framework and tendering system for the rest of Britain.  It also considers how the "anomaly" of a regulated and co-ordinated network of services in London, surrounded by a fully de-regulated pattern of bus services in the rest of Britain is likely to resolve itself.  For the covering abstract of the seminar see IRRD 286719.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 22:01:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/271627</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ROADS GENERATE TRAFFIC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/271626</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It has long been an argument by the anti-roads lobby that new roads generate traffic to fill up all available space. The opposite argument is that growth will occur anyway and unless new roads are planned to cater for such growth detrimental economic and environmental consequences will arise.  Despite comments made in the original Leitch report (see IRRD 230248) little effort has been directed towards reducing demand by specific policies or comparing the effects of constructing new infrastructure with those which would occur without such construction.  This paper draws on the now extensive series of results from the GLC's strategic transportation model to illustrate in detail the effects of substantially increasing the capacity of a corridor in a congested urban area.  Forecasts of the effects of currently proposed road schemes (such as the M11 extension, the North circular upgrading and M25 completion) and various public transport improvements (such as Docklands Light Rail) are presented.  Recognising that changes in modal split and the redistribution of trip ends takes some time to take effect and that models do not always predict what happens in practice the effects of past major changes to infrastructure are analysed.  These studies have been undertaken on specific corridors where good data have been available and include such changes as the M25, Westway and the Blackwall Tunnel and approaches.  The results of these studies have an important bearing on the level of accessibility of various groups to jobs, shops and recreation facilities.  The paper shows the need for transport planners to consider base objectives before planning detailed infrastructure.  For the covering abstract of the seminar see IRRD 286719.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 22:01:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/271626</guid>
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      <title>THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE GLC NIGHT AND WEEKEND LORRY BAN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/271625</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper reviews the history of the council's involvement in lorry controls, and the establishment and results of the Wood inquiry, an independent study of possible lorry controls in London.  It details the nature of the present proposals including time of operation, the routes excluded from the scheme and the system of exemption permits.  It presents some of the research underpinning the proposals (such as surveys of sleep patterns), the anticipated effects of the M25, and answers some of the objections raised against the proposal.  Part 2 of the paper concentrates on the council's studies of who is affected by heavy lorry operations and the nature of the effects.  It draws on population, pollution and noise studies, and the council's experiments with the TRRL quiet heavy goods vehicle. Details are given of the work jointly undertaken with vehicle operators, manufacturers and research bodies to quiet significantly lorries at modest cost and without affecting vehicle performance and economy.  Part 3 reviews the anticipated economic effects of the scheme.  It concentrates on the minority of firms which could be adversely affected and discusses the measures the council is undertaking to minimise these effects.  Particular attention is given to the scale of any increased costs and to the effects on London's employment base.  The paper discusses the structure of road haulage in London and questions the assumption that industry's view of what is best for haulage is correct.  For the covering abstract of the seminar see IRRD 286719. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 22:01:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/271625</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>INTEGRATION IN URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT: THE IMPORTANCE OF REGULATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/271624</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Developments in urban public transport policy within the developed world have been characterised by several objective themes in recent years.  Not least of them has been the emergence of the term integration.  In general, it appears accepted as implying a high level of unification both between and within all of the operating modes of public passenger transport--bus, tram, metro, train, etc.  A system of operation is built up in which individual routes are complementary and where user perception is that of a homogeneous unit, regardless of vehicle and infrastructure ownership.  The growth of policies in pursuit of integration is very much a phenomenon of the last 10-20 years.  The paper covers two main themes.  First, the meaning of integration; its emergence as a policy instrument; organisational format; assessment of benefits arising. Secondly, the relationship with regulation.  How far is it possible for the features of an integrated approach to urban transport planning to remain viable in a climate of deregulation and competition?  Examples in the paper cover Great Britain, West Germany, Scandinavia, the Netherlands and North America.  There are also illustrations of the effects of "de facto" deregulation in the developing world and some discussion of recent trends therein.  This paper is presented in an abstract form.  For the covering abstract of the seminar see IRRD 286719.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 22:01:50 GMT</pubDate>
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