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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>IDENTIFYING TRANSPORT DEPRIVATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269514</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper tries to untangle some of the problems that arise in trying to identify where transport deprivation exists. The concern of this paper is how to identify and assess the consequences of low mobility (i.e., limited ability or opportunity to travel) for individuals, communities and society.  The aim is to provide a basis for assessing where deprivation occurs.  It is assumed that the present pattern of travel behaviour is an approximation to requirements for travel.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269514</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>THE MEASUREMENT AND MEANING OF SOCIAL WELL-BEING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269515</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper attempts to stimulate debate on the measurement and meaning of social well-being.  Instead of providing a comprehensive overview of the literature, or providing a solution, it sets out some pointers for discussion, and critically examines some transport-oriented measures that currently serve as a proxy for identifying the role of transport in relation to social well-being.  It is argued that, though ultimately transport has implications for many facets of society, the primary research requirement is the development of the social dimension of a broader framework for transport policy.  For the covering abstract of the conference see TRIS 450428.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269515</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>SOCIAL WELL-BEING AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269516</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is stated that the concept of social well-being has two unpleasant features, namely that it is complex and that it is vague.  This paper tries to substitute a notion of the concept that can be meaningfully operated in certain cases. As a substitution for the concept of social well-being, that of net social benefits could serve; this is an absolute notion with theoretical drawbacks but with the advantage of being quantifiable.  The behavioral rule for government policy, namely to try for the highest possible contributions of certain provisions to social well-being can then be given substance by translating that objective in that of maximising the differences between social benefits and social costs.  To maintain the system of public transport, the government subsidy need not be higher than what corresponds to the social optimum, but cannot be less than the deficit manifesting itself when the system is run as a monopoly by aiming for maximum profit.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269516</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS OF THE NATIONAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM: THE CASE OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269517</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The influence of the public transport system, which encompasses railroad service, highway construction and maintenance as well as bus services on the economic well-being of people, is evaluated.  This study is concerned with the politician's question of who "consumes" the money that is spent by governmental authorities in order to maintain the public transport system as it exists in the Federal Republic of Germany, and who finances this public expenditure via fares, fees and taxes.  The methods that have been applied are sketched and the empirical results are presented.  The effectiveness of public transport policy at achieving distributive goads is evaluated.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269517</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS OF THE ROAD SYSTEM IN SWITZERLAND</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269518</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The overall question of what the dimensions of positive and negative effects of the Swiss traffic system on different social classes are, is investigated and the distribution of the public road budget is analysed.  An attempt is made to interpret the distributional effects with two different concepts of valuation: a "micro-economic" and a "socio-ecological" one.  These two concepts have to be considered as new approaches to measuring and valuing the benefits of the traffic system.  For the covering abstract of the conference see TRIS 450478.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269518</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DISTRIBUTIONAL JUDGEMENTS FROM TRANSPORTATION CONSUMERS SURPLUS EQUIVALENCES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269519</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The possibility of making distributional judgements from the Marshallian consumers' surplus associated with an aggregated transport demand is discussed.  The transport of an aggregate commodity between two points is analyzed. The relationship between transport demand and the economic activity at each point (market) is explicitly shown, assuming competitive conditions.  The corresponding transport consumer's surplus is shown to reflect net losses and gains for four identifiable groups, namely consumers and producers at each location.  The final section of this paper contains a brief discussion about the implications of the preceding developments on the analyses of transport projects, particularly in terms of welfare impacts on different groups.  For the covering abstract of the conference see TRIS 450428.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269519</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMBINING FAMILY AND WORK ROLES. THE IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORT IN WOMEN'S JOB CHANCES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269521</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The interaction of transport factors with women's domestic roles and residential circumstances and the impact of each on their job choices is discussed.  The paper points to the difficulties in defining transport deprivation among women of a form amenable to the direct action of transport policy makers.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269521</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>TRANSPORT, RESIDENTIAL SATISFACTION AND THE DECISION TO MOVE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269525</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The specific transport issues which affect decisions about a change of residential location and the contribution of transport to the overall assessment of residential satisfaction are discussed.  Data are obtained from a sample of recent movers, non-movers and those currently planning to move, and by comparing the current workplace-residence-transport situations together with previous residence information for those who had moved. Overall conclusion is that transport factors do not play a large role in the general process of intra-metropolitan relocation, which is essentially a question of housing change backed up by considerations of area quality. Transport factors can, however, play a critical role in individual decisions for specific individuals, both whether to move and where to move.  For covering abstract of the conference see TRIS 450428.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269525</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>SOME CONSEQUENCES OF THE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PLAN FOR THE COUNTY OF RINGKOEBEN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269526</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Some of the impacts which a changed structure and an improvement in standards of the public transport network have had, are presented.  In 1978, an act about local and regional public transport outside the capital area was passed.  It made it necessary for the Danish counties to carry out a public transport plan.  The aim of these plans is, partly to coordinate the public transport system, the school bus system and other person transport with regular services, in order to utilize the resources better, and partly to make a frame for supporting the public transport which had growing difficulties in managing financially, without subsidies, because of reduced passenger numbers and rising costs.  At the same time it was legalized that the counties established transport companies, which could run the bus services.  The project has been carried out as an analysis of the supply and demand of public transport in the county of Ringkoeben before and after the implementation of the public transport plan and establishment of the transport company TRA as an administrative company.  For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 282963. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269526</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE EFFECTS OF THE WITHDRAWAL OF BUS SERVICES IN RURAL AREAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269527</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the United Kingdom there has been a considerable concern over the effects on people living in rural areas of the reduction or withdrawal of local bus services.  The consequences are often predicted, and many people believe that the changes in rural life that can be observed are at least partly attributable to loss of public transport services.  Before and after studies were conducted of the withdrawal of rural bus services to determine whether the more extreme effects claimed did in fact occur, and to provide more general research information on the extent to which people's activities were affected by the level of public transport provision.  The studies were conducted in North Lincolnshire, South Humberside and Shropshire. Results of the studies are presented.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269527</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SOCIAL LIFE RHYTHMS AND THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSPORT NEEDS IN RURAL AREAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269528</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The questions raised here concern two lines of research of the Institute de Recherche des Transports: (1) work on the development and organizational conditions of flexible transport systems which have been emerging in recent years in France as well as in other industrialized countries, and (2) creation of flexible transport systems within the framework of global reorganization at the regional level. The key concept of a new approach is that of social rhythm. It refers to the tasks and activities which have to be performed.  It expresses the reality of continuities and discontinuities of any social process.  The knowledge of the specific rhythm of mobility of each social group represented in rural areas provides the basis for further study of how transport services are adapted to the needs of the population.  A case study of the city of Prades in the Pyreness is presented and its results are discussed. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269528</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMMUNITY ATTITUDES AND ASPIRATIONS. THE USE OF SMALL SCALE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH WITH YOUNG RURAL ADULTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269529</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Much research has been carried out into the changes that have taken place in rural areas the last thirty years with respect to the population, the distribution of facilities and the accessibility to them.  The present study examines more closely one particular aspect of the problem, namely the decline of employment opportunities and its effects on the occupation aspirations and expectations of young adults in rural areas.  There are two other innovative aspects in this research.  First it is proposed to follow up the initial round of interviews so that the perceptions of employment aspirations and expectations can be matched with what the respondents are actually doing.  Secondly the research methodology has mixed together both quantitative and qualitative information in the semi structured questionnaire.  This paper focuses on the second of these two issues, together with a summary of some preliminary findings, particularly as they relate to transport.  For the convering abstract of the conference see TRIS 450428. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269529</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FARE POLICY IN ST. ETIENNE. SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ISSUES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269531</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The setting-up of the employer transport tax in 1973-74 has endowed local authorities with important financial resources.  This tax is levied in France on the equivalent of 1% of the total gross wages and salaries paid by all industrial employers to the benefit of local authorities. Recently, a new law has been passed in order to extend this action to all provincial metropolitan areas with a population exceeding 30,000.  The government has undertaken surveys in order to assess the impact that this measure would have in several provincial cities.  St Etienne is the example for this analysis.  Discussed are the situation of public transport in the metropolitan area; the reform, which was threefold: (1) modification of the tariff structure by decreasing the relative price of the weekly season ticket for the lowest wages.  (2) the use of the season ticket for all the network.  (3) reorganisation of lines, improvement of image and scheduling; representations of the network and issues at stake regarding the semi-gratuitousness of public transport. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 282963.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269531</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THEMES AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS OF STUDIES ON MOBILITY FINANCED BY THE FRENCH MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269534</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The studies undertaken in the program "ATD Socio-economie des Transport", cover the transportation aspects of a larger programme devoted to the understanding of urban and industrial growth.  Designed in 1970, two years after the cultural shock of May 1968, their starting rationale was to better understand urban society in order to better prevent the urban crisis.  Between 1973 and 1981 the research programme underwent three major political reorientations. In May 1981 left parties gained power.  This meant again different means and ambitions for research. A new stress was put on the study of the relationship between man and work and the development of public transport.  This should orient research on mobility towards the theme of home to work travel.  But the lack of means due to the economic crisis remains.  Besides mobility, the main theme of the research on transport should be kept and even reinforced: transport economics, goods transport and working conditions of the various professional groups of the sector.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269534</guid>
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