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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Buzz Kill: State Adoption of DUI Interlock Laws, 2005–11</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427699</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to reduce the incidence of driving under the influence (DUI), most states have adopted significant measures. However, every 53 minutes a DUI death occurs, a significant portion of which are caused by recidivist DUI drivers. Requiring offenders to install an interlock device on their vehicle is a relatively new and novel way states can reduce DUI deaths; however, this measure has not been adopted by all states. In order to help the authors understand the politics behind why some states have adopted interlock policies while other have not, the authors explore the Policy Typology and Policy Diffusion Frameworks. It is suggested by over-time data employed from the American states that internal factors to the state and the adoption of interlock laws by neighboring states best explain the adoption of interlock laws. Furthermore, states with existing DUI laws are more likely to adopt interlock policies; the adoption of interlock laws is a form of incremental policymaking. Interlock policies should be categorized as protective regulatory policies rather than social regulatory policies, in line with the conclusion that interlock policies diffuse in a manner similar to other regulatory policies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2016 13:24:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427699</guid>
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      <title>Soft Transport Policies and Ground-Level Ozone: An Evaluation of the “Clear the Air Challenge” in Salt Lake City</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1363487</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to address worsening air quality, communities have begun to implement both mandatory and "soft" policies in recent years. Air quality alert systems are an example of voluntary or soft transportation policies; when the air quality index is above a certain threshold, people are encouraged not to drive on these days. Another example of these types of policies is public education campaigns focusing on the reduction of automobile-related travel. The effectiveness of one such policy is evaluated in this article, the Clean the Air Challenge (CAC), as to how well it reduces ground-level ozone during the Wasatch Front's summer ozone season. The authors estimate a range of nonequivalent control group models using daily ozone data and color-coded daily air quality designations from 2006 through 2012. A statistically significant, but small, reduction in ground-level ozone is generated by the CAC in only one of the models. The full range of costs and benefits to the public associated with such soft transport policies should be assessed in future research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2015 11:25:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1363487</guid>
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      <title>Renewable Energy Politics: Policy Typologies, Policy Tools, and State Deployment of Renewables</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1320242</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The competing forces driving the development of renewable energy in the American states are investigated. A framework of state renewable energy politics is investigated by the authors,  and a set of hypotheses regarding the role of politics, policies, and prices in renewable energy development is developed. These hypotheses are tested with a fixed effect vector decomposition model using a panel data set for the U.S. states from 1990 to 2008. Renewable energy development is influenced by regulatory institutions, as indicated by the results, accompanied by the effects of various policy instruments, as well as the party affiliations of the governor and legislators, and the professionalism of the legislature.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 2014 10:47:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1320242</guid>
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      <title>Smoggy with a Chance of Altruism: The Effects of Ozone Alerts on Outdoor Recreation and Driving in Atlanta</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1303017</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Designed to enhance public health and curb driving and other emissions, metropolitan smog alerts are prominent public information campaigns that, unlike other voluntary information-based environmental policies, target household behavior via forecast information about ambient concentrations, rather than firm or product characteristics. Behaviors with high emissions (driving) and with high exposure (outdoor recreation) are explored in this paper, and the difference between altruistic and risk aversion motivations are underscored. Using the threshold nature of daily air quality forecasts, behavioral impacts are identified. It is found, using a regression discontinuity (RD) design, that elderly users and exercisers tend to curtail their use of a major park following smog alerts. Also revealed by the RD design is that on smog alert days households do not drive less. Public forecast information may better trigger some responses and struggle to trigger others, as highlighted by juxtaposing high emissions behavior with high exposure behavior in the same study.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Apr 2014 11:58:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1303017</guid>
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      <title>Theories of Governance: Comparative Perspectives on Seattle's Light Rail Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1278949</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The formulation and implementation of public policies across organizational and sectoral boundaries through coalitions, contracts and networks comprises the act of governing, otherwise known as governance. Two theoretic traditions tend to form a loose focus for studies of governance: sociological institutionalism and rational choice. Where the former examines actors' joint relationships and norms, the latter analyzes actors' individual interests and information. Scholars are often at a loss as to how to cumulate insights and knowledge across the theoretic traditions, as these different analytic foci can be difficult to reconcile. This article distinguishes domains of governance in order to better understand how the two traditions conflict and support one another, as well as identifies the different theories that these traditions use to study each domain. The insights from these theories are compared in a case study of a rail transit project, which also includes an assessment of the quality and complementarities of their offered explanations. Propositions about the comparative utility of different concepts and theoretic traditions for understanding key governance phenomena are generated by an analysis of the case.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Dec 2013 11:06:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1278949</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Implications of Policy Stability for Renewable Energy Innovation in the United States, 1974-2009</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1244256</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Of particular importance for renewable energy technology innovation activities is government support and commitment. These are highly contingent on policy and market uncertainty. Examining the relationship between policy stability in public resource allocation and policy outcomes in renewable energy technologies is the research focus of this article. The authors test effects of both the stability and magnitude of federal R&D expenditures on patent applications in five renewable energy sectors (i.e., solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and bioenergy) from 1974 to 2009 using time-series cross-sectional analyses. The findings show that technology innovation is affected by both the magnitude and stability of government financial commitment. Nevertheless, the magnitude effect loses explanatory power to the stability effect when industries perceive government support over longer time frames.  Policies pertaining to technology commercialization and marketization are a critical determinant of innovation activities, in addition to federal research and development (R&D) expenditures. It is demonstrated by this study that incremental, predictable, and credible expenditures facilitate renewable energy technology development. A boom-bust cycle of resource support fails to translate policy goals into intended results, conversely.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Mar 2013 09:47:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1244256</guid>
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      <title>Deterrence Theory and the Implementation of Speed Limits in the American States</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1103134</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite the ubiquitous nature of these policies, there is disagreement in the literature regarding the direction and size of the impact that speed limits have on traffic-related fatalities. This paper argues that the mixed results in previous work may arise because these studies have missed an important component of the implementation of speed limit laws. More explicitly, they have failed to adequately control for the deterrent effect of enforcement and sanctions. The argument is developed that the observed impacts of speed limits will be overly large when the certainty and severity of punishment are not accounted for. This assertion is tested in a cross-sectional time series analysis of state-level traffic fatalities from the years 1990–2006 and it is found that lower speeds do save a significant number of lives. Interestingly, the impact is significantly overestimated for 65-mph limits and significantly underestimated for 70-mph limits when enforcement, penalties, and the interaction of the 2 are excluded. Results also suggest that fines have a rather modest impact on fatalities unless states employ a sufficient number of troopers to enforce posted limits. In addition to clarifying previous findings related to speed limit policy, therefore, the findings contribute to the general application of deterrence theory by empirically confirming that the importance of sanction severity is dependent on the perceived certainty of punishment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 May 2011 06:50:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1103134</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Behavioral Impact of Drinking and Driving Laws</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/876609</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although laws designed to discourage drinking and driving exist in all U.S. states, enforcement across the states varies. Evidence conflicts in existing studies on enforcement strategy effectiveness in drinking-and-driving behavior deterrence. That there is little impact on criminal behavior by the mere existence of laws is implied by deterrence theories, but a deterrent effect is implied by enforcement perception and probability. The authors develop a measure of drinking and driving propensity to test these hypotheses using item response theory and national survey data. Impact testing is done through inferential models on deterrence laws on criminal propensity, actual enforcement levels, and perceptions of enforcement. Results indicate that the propensity for almost everyone to drink and drive is significantly reduced through individual agreement with the goals of drinking and driving laws and perceptions of the likelihood of arrest, while that the mere existence of statutes impact only those least likely to drink and drive. No behavioral effect is shown through actual enforcement rates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Dec 2008 12:37:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/876609</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Employers as Mediating Institutions for Public Policy: The Case of Commute Options Programs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/771589</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mediating institutions, such as voluntary associations and religious bodies, connect the private lives of individuals with public policy issues by communicating societal norms to members and providing social contexts that encourage a commitment to these norms.  Employers can also serve as mediating institutions.  This study examines what factors influence an employer's willingness to mediate policy problems and evaluations the effectiveness of employers as mediating institutions.  The mediating behaviors of interest here relate to employer efforts to mitigate traffic congestion and air quality problems by enabling employee commute options, which are alternatives to single-occupancy vehicle commutes to work.  Drawing on theories of organization behavior, the study hypothesizes that perceived self-interest, organization control and association membership will affect willingness to provide commute options.  The study also hypothesizes that employers providing commute options will have lower percentages of employees that drive to work alone.  Statistical analysis of data from a cross-sectional survey of organizations in the Atlanta metropolitan area supports these hypotheses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Jan 2006 08:19:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/771589</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>We Finished the Plan, So Now What? Impacts of Collaborative Stakeholder Participation on Land Use Policy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/760423</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Approaches to environmental policy in the United States and other westernized countries now includes participatory efforts to involve multiple stakeholders in decisions.  Rather than calling for a reliance on government officials to solve environmental problems, this approach calls for empowering a community of stakeholders to contribute meaningfully.  This article considers the impacts of collaborative stakeholder participation on land use policy.  The author undertook a multiple-case analysis of county-level, community-based task forces working on farmland preservation planning in Ohio, U.S.  The results show patterns of policymaking processes and the near-term impacts of collaborative planning.  The author discusses the results as they link to prior empirical studies, as well as to the Institutional Analysis and Development framework, which integrates physical, social, and institutional variables to examine collective decision-making related to natural resources.  The author concludes that the degree of policy change is associated closely with local contextual factors, rather than internal group factors (such as communication, education, debate) often emphasized in studies of citizen advisory committees and collaborative groups.  Changing policy outcomes depends not only on providing citizens with resources, but also on situating citizen input within a context that is amenable to policy change.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Sep 2005 07:09:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/760423</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PUBLIC CONSULTATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICY INITIATIVES: MANITOBA APPROACHES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/734537</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public involvement in government decisionmaking regarding sustainable development is a complex and difficult problem. This paper suggests that weak public consultation, occurring at the operational planning level, is partly responsible for the lack of policy innovation in this realm. A case study technique considers approaches to public consultation in formulating sustainable development policy in Manitoba, Canada. Using document review and qualitative interviews, 2 specific periods of policy development are traced with the outcomes of each being measured against creative consultative approaches established in the literature. It is revealed that using more complex consultative approaches at the normative policy planning level has many positive implications, such as mutual education and learning, participant satisfaction, policy innovation that has broad-based support, and results with lasting implications on consultative processes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Mar 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/734537</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT: TEN YEARS LATER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/710597</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA), signed into law on July 26, 1990, was full of promises but was also vague and in some ways contradictory. However, the ADA did bring official recognition to the country's largest minority group and focused attention on the need for making basic life activities available and accessible to an estimated 50 million or more Americans. This article provides an overview of the ADA 10 years after its passage into law, focusing on the emergence of disability policy studies, major provisions of the ADA, and policy outcomes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/710597</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHALLENGES AND DILEMMAS IN IMPLEMENTING THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT: LESSONS FROM THE FIRST DECADE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/710598</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 represents a strong national commitment to protecting the full rights and opportunities of persons with disabilities. This article traces evidence of the impact of the ADA's implementation and compliance during its first decade and is organized around the key political and policy arenas associated with disability rights. This includes examination of the sustainability of public support for the ADA and the regulatory mandates that it contains, enforcement of ADA protections in the important context of public and private sector employment, and compliance activity in the state and local public sectors as well as the private sector service industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/710598</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>TRANSIT ACCESS FOR AMERICANS: A PROPOSAL FOR THE NEXT STAGE OF IMPLEMENTING THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT OF 1990</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/710599</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This discussion of the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) implementation in public transit proceeds in 3 sections. The first section examines the transit industry's perception of the ADA, including a discussion of cost issues and information on progress. The second section presents the Department of Transportation's principles for eliminating transportation barriers for people with disabilities. The third section opens a discussion of a practical partnership between public transit and the community of Americans with disabilities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/710599</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ISSUE DEFINITION, CONFLICT EXPANSION, AND TORT REFORM: LESSONS FROM THE AMERICAN GENERAL AVIATION INDUSTRY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/710596</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this article, the concepts of issue definition and conflict expansion are examined through an analysis of the debate over tort reform in the general aviation industry. Specifically, the article studies the efforts of general aviation manufacturers to define the issue of tort reform in ways that strengthened their unlikely coalition with important consumer groups and minimized opposition from organized labor, which typically sides with the plaintiff's bar in the tort reform debate. The analysis begins by examining some of the manufacturers' less successful strategies and traces the evolution of their campaign, which culminates in the rather clever use of issue definition and conflict expansion strategies for which the trial lawyers were unprepared to match. In the end, effective use of these strategies overcame what appeared to most observers to be a classic political mismatch.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/710596</guid>
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