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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Fracture Toughness Requirements for Highway Bridges: Past and Future Trends</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/756469</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fracture toughness requirements were implemented for bridge steels during the early 1970s.  The philosophy behind these requirements was to provide sufficient material toughness to prevent lower-shelf, brittle fracture at service temperatures and load rates experienced by bridges.  These requirements do no alone prevent fracture, and designers must also consider proper fatigue design, fabrication quality control, and routine in-service inspection to insure structural safety.  This fractural control plan has been effective in preventing brittle fracture in most cases, but when any aspect of the plan is not performed correctly, fracture failure still can occur in bridges.  There have been significant advances in steel making practice since the 1970s, and new grades of high performance steel (HPS) are available with vastly superior toughness compared to conventional steels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Jun 2005 15:00:16 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>STEEL BRIDGES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/477136</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aesthetics is becoming increasingly important in structural engineering. Schemes for higher and lighter bridges are becoming more ambitious, because of tough competition for projects, and there is a tendency to repair old bridges instead of replacing them. These trends are driving the process of innovation in bridge design and construction; they provide challenges and special opportunities for steel bridges. The proportion of small and medium-sized bridges that are made of steel has declined. This paper describes some of the recently built steel bridges with very long spans: (1) the Akashi-Kaikyo and Storebaelt East suspension bridges in Japan and Denmark; (2) the Normandy, Tsurumi Tsubasa, and Tatara cable-stayed bridges in France, Japan, and Japan; and (3) the Rhine bridge at Dusseldorf-Neuss, Jiujiang Yangtze, and the planned El Ferdan truss bridges in Germany, China, and Egypt. When a decision is made on whether to repair or replace a bridge, the following aspects of its physical condition are considered: fatigue, corrosion, and secondary structural elements. In addition, its traffic demands, behaviour in earthquakes, and historical significance are considered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF RC BRIDGES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/477137</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reviews the most recent trends in bridge design, assessment, and retrofitting. A typical set of problems is discussed in relation to the damage caused to some reinforced concrete bridges by recent earthquakes. Extensive research on the seismic performance of bridges has made it possible to predict their response to a high degree of reliability. In several cases, the bridge designs were clearly deficient, sometimes because of the blind application of an elastic design philosophy. Five specific types of behaviour are typical, and have been observed in recent earthquakes. Mathematical analysis can be applied to assess the interaction of seismic input with soil behaviour, for example in relation to soil liquefaction and the effects of non-synchronous input motion at the base of different bridge piers. Design codes of practice and documents, which usually produce safe bridges, have been produced as a result of research. This is discussed with reference to bridge response, capacity design, and displacement-based design. More research is needed on assessment of the expected response of existing bridges. Several bridge strengthening strategies have been shown to be reliable, and others still need research. Isolators have been proved to be effective for new design and retrofitting, but need more development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>SEISMIC DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUCTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/477138</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reviews some basic aspects of the verification of the seismic resistance of masonry walls and buildings, and makes some suggestions for future research. Extensive experimental and analytical research during recent decades has improved the development of these methods and of earthquake-resistant structures. The main masonry construction systems are: (1) plain, unreinforced masonry; (2) masonry confined between horizontal and vertical reinforced concrete elements; and (3) reinforced masonry. Seismic action can be represented by various mathematical and probability models. The form of seismic action, to be used in seismic resistance verification, depends on the importance and complexity of the structure. Masonry buildings are typical shear-wall structures, linked by floors, and there are two main conditions for the walls to be seismic resistant. The three typical forms of masonry wall failure in earthquakes are sliding shear, shear failure, and flexural failure. More experimental research is needed on masonry construction systems, especially reinforced hollow unit masonry, and on developing simple models for seismic resistance verification. Different experimental methods for determining the mechanical properties of masonry materials need to be harmonised.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>FATIGUE DESIGN AND RETROFIT OF STEEL BRIDGES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/477139</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines recent work on the fatigue design, inspection, and evaluation of steel bridges. It discusses research studies to evaluate load histories and the influence of cyclic loads on fatigue-critical details, for both road and railway bridge structures. Some innovations in non-destructive testing and evaluation are listed. Retrofit and repair procedures to correct fatigue cracking problems include hole drilling and coring, cover plate installation, and distortion-induced crack repair. Study results are reviewed for fatigue failure of secondary elements, including orthotropic deck panels, modular bridge joints, steel cap girders, anchor bolts, welded wire fabric in bridge decks, post-tensioned steel bridge elements, bare weathering steel, welded shear stud connectors, and cable anchorages. Fatigue design and evaluation methods are discussed; they are usually semi-empirical and the FASTBRID (Fatigue Assessment of STeel BRIDges) expert system. There is a significant need to apply probability principles to fatigue considerations, especially in representative fatigue loading and fatigue crack detection. The considerable research in progress on the fatigue strength of steel bridges emphasises its importance in achieving satisfactory bridge performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>FRACTURES IN SEISMICALLY LOADED BRIDGES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/477140</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reviews the currently perceived causes of the damage to civil engineering structures, especially the fracture of steel bridge members, during the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake near Kobe, Japan, in January 1995. The following types of damage to bridge structures are discussed: (1) collapse of reinforced concrete bridge piers; (2) collapse of rigid frame railway viaducts; (3) local buckling of panels at the pier shaft in steel bridges; (4) failures of corner welds of steel bridge piers; (5) lantern buckling of cylindrical steel bridge piers; (6) brittle fracture at the pier corner of rigid frame steel piers; and (7) failure occurring in centrifugal cast steel pipe columns. Specifications for seismic design methods for bridges in Japan are reviewed. After the earthquake, the Guide Specifications for reconstruction and repair of highway bridges were issued as an emergency measure. The Design Specifications for Highway Bridges were revised in October 1996. A tentative design guide for railway bridges was issued in March 1996, and revision of the Specifications for these bridges is in progress. Improvements are needed especially for the seismic strengthening of reinforced concrete columns and steel bridge piers. Much has been learned from the earthquake, but much more research is needed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/477140</guid>
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