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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>DETECTION OF BURIED PIPES USING POLARIMETRIC STEPPED-FREQUENCY GPR IMAGES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/685188</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Now used in the location of buried utilities, ground penetrating radar (GPR) has become a cost-effective technique for identifying objects buried under the ground. GPR technology has matured and is now employed in a variety of subsurface probing applications. The radar transmits a coded microwave signal, which is either pulsed or frequency-modulated, into the ground by a transmit antenna. The signal is reflected from anomalies within the surface whether they are buried objects, clutter sources and soil interfaces, and then collected by the radar's receive antenna for processing. There are two types of GPR systems in operation: a) pulsed GPR systems which transmit a series of short pulses, and b) stepped-frequency systems which produce continuous transmit and receive signals. The application of such systems are summarised.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Jun 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/685188</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A METHOD OF EVALUATING THE CRITICAL LIFE OF POLYETHYLENE PIPES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/668353</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the long-term performance accelerated evaluation method for polyethylene pipes (PE pipes) using resin structural analysis data. The application of PE pipes to gas supply lines was approved in Japan in 1982, when the associated engineering standard was stipulated in the Gas Enterprise Law after the publication of the JIS Standard for PE pipes in 1979. Since then, the use of PE pipe for gas has grown rapidly. Various test methods have been developed to verify and evaluate the long-term durability of PE, which is required to be at least 50 years. The main method used has been by creep failure, but its tests can take up to a year. The new method developed by Osaka Gas evaluates pipe lifetime in a few weeks, by analysing the molecular structure of a sample of the resin of which the pipe is made. The paper examines the currently used evaluation methods, and describes the new method in detail. Two versions of the creep test and a tensile fatigue test are outlined. The detailed description of lifetime evaluation, using plastic structure analysis data, covers: (1) the nature of the method; (2) the procedure; (3) branching structure and pipe life; (4) branching degree, branching distribution, and pipe life; (5) correlation between molecular structure and pipe life; and (6) additive composition and pipe life.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Oct 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/668353</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A NEW COUPLING SYSTEM FOR PRESSURIZED POLYETHYLENE PIPELINES. PART I: THE NEED FOR A MORE RELIABLE JOINTING SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/658335</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A need has been identified for a more reliable, cost-effective, and easily-operable mechanical coupling for pressurized water-supply pipes.  The Amtek coupling has been developed to address a recognized environmental problem of leakage for pressurized water pipes.  Water companies throughout the world are faced with losses through pipe leaks and, in order to maintain supply levels, they are often forced to lay additional pipelines and/or use more remote water sources. This fitting will provide an alternative that will conserve valuable resources and enable the environment to be safeguarded.  (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Aug 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/658335</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>THE PIPELINE LIFE CYCLE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/651689</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper was presented as the Pipelines Industries Guild Biennial Lecture on 15 November 1999. It describes the stages of the life cycle of engineering assets, and surveys the approach of the UK pipeline company Transco to the management of each stage of the life cycle of transmission pipelines. The stages of the general life cycle are: (1) need and planning; (2) design, construction, operation, and maintenance; (3) revalidation or replacement; and (4) abandonment. The length of the asset life cycle depends on the management of integrity. In the case of pipelines, there is the opportunity to manage high-integrity, long-life, cost-effective assets. This process is especially influenced by the engineering codes and standards, applied at the design and construction stage, and the relevant safety legislation. The latter part of the paper discusses Transco's pipeline safety record, including failure and damage statistics and causes of damage, and approach to risk assessment and control. It also describes the management of Transco's gas transmission pipelines. Transco applies the IGE/TD/1 code of practice to the design and construction of transmission pipelines. The paper considers the basic pipeline safety and integrity level set by applying this code, and the optimised risk-control measures based on the code's recommendations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Apr 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/651689</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>UNDERLYING THE PERFORMANCE OF REAL-TIME SOFTWARE-BASED PIPELINE LEAK-DETECTION SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/651690</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper analyses the underlying approaches of two software methods to detect pipeline leaks and estimate their location. One method is based on real-time simulation, and the other is based on real-time statistical analysis. Almost any leak-detection system can detect pinhole leaks if given precise data, but in practice these data contain uncertainties complicated by random errors. If sensitivity is made too great, too many false alarm indications are given when in fact there is no leak. The paper discusses the underlying factors influencing the performance of leak-detection systems, and does not refer to commercial products, except where they are specifically mentioned. Before comparing the two software methods, the paper considers existing pipeline infrastructure, leak detectability importance and limits, and leak analysis and methods. Reference is made to WE Deming's concept of systems thinking and statistical process control in relation to quality assurance and management. Real-time simulation methods depend more on the absolute accuracy of the smooth SCADA information acquired, and need to perform extra data tests. Statistical leak-detection methods reduce complexity, thus making it progressively easier to identify leaks; they observe the real situation, and apply Deming's philosophy of total quality management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Apr 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/651690</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DETECTION OF LEAKS FROM PROCESS PIPES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/512535</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pipes fabricated from many different materials of construction are used for the bulk transmission of fluids - such as gas, hydrocarbons, slurries, and water (potable and soiled) - from storage tanks to the point of use.  Pipes tend to develop leaks for a variety of reasons, such as loose joints and or breaks and fractures due to ageing, fatigue, or from other factors which prevail around them.  Such leaks for social and economic reasons need to be detected and located for repairs.  Over the years different techniques such as metering, listening sticks augmented by microphone or stethoscope, infrared scanning, ground-penetrating radar, detection by a gas such as sulphur hexafluoride, nitrous oxide, helium or hydrogen, noise correlators, and pigging have been used either as part of a supplement to line-balance and/or statistical-mathematical methods. Depending on the fluid and material of construction of the pipes, and the terrain within which the pipe has been laid, different techniques and instrumentation have been deployed to locate the leaks in the pipelines.  These techniques are discussed and compared in order to highlight those which hold great promise for both current commercial application(s) and further research work, such as olfactory sensing. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Dec 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/512535</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>THE DIRECTIONALLY-DRILLED GAS PIPELINE CROSSING OF THE RIVER RIBBLE: THE 1050MM DIA TREALES TO BURSCOUGH GAS PIPELINE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/506537</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes the difficult but successfully completed project of constructing a gas pipeline under the River Ribble at Preston, England, near its mouth. Large training walls had already been built at the location of the crossing. It was thus understandable why the Environment Agency and National Rivers Authority placed strict restrictions on its construction. Transco, the pipeline construction branch of British Gas, is aware of the need for environment protection. In 1996, it commissioned a feasibility study from Smit Land & Marine to study the possibilities of drilling a 1050m diameter pipeline by directional drilling. It was found that this method was feasible, but would require a comprehensive geological, geophysical, and geotechnical investigation. Some very interesting geological features and ground conditions were found, which could not have been predicted from simple borehole studies. The geology was found to be various layers of sand, gravel, and sandy clay, lying over sandstone. The article lists the five specific environmental constraints, and describes: (1) the grouting works; (2) drilling technique; and (3) health, safety, and environmental aspects of the project. Experience showed that there should have been a larger drilled radius, and a 1525mm diameter hole for the pipe.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 Sep 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/506537</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE PORTSMOUTH WATER APPROACH TO NETWORK RENEWALS AND THE INFLUENCE UPON LEAKAGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/499275</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the significant investment in water mains and service pipe renewals that Portsmouth Water in England has made during the last ten years. The renewals were required because 64% of the pipes were of cast iron, many of these pipes were leaking, and the company was anxious to reduce leakage and keep its pipes in a good condition. Portsmouth Water has undertaken local renewals in individual streets, and complete ('blanket') renewals in whole district meter areas. Considerable forward planning and liaison with interested parties are required if blanket renewal schemes, especially in urban centres, are to be completed in an acceptable way which respects the interests of those affected by the work. The paper details the implementation of a typical blanket mains renewal scheme at Bognor Regis, West Sussex, which was selected after a survey found a high water leakage rate and little knowledge of the materials of many of the pipes. It also outlines some customer initiatives on local and blanket renewal schemes. The investment programme has resulted in the following major benefits: (1) halving of total water leakage; (2) a lower stable level of the number of burst mains; (3) 30% less distribution maintenance; and (4) substantially lower leakage and distribution maintenance costs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/499275</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>THE USE OF GIS FOR PIPELINE OPERATION AND EMERGENCY PLANNING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/499276</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The British company RSK Environment Ltd designed its Pipeline Manager software in collaboration with the pipeline industry, because none of the geographical information system (GIS) software packages at that time provided functionality for pipeline operators and managers. RSK aimed to design a low-cost, easy-to-use, powerful desktop computer system to put information back into the hands of day-to-day pipeline managers. 85% of UK pipeline operators and many in other countries use the program. Pipeline Manager has been applied to quite a wide range of projects, including those involved in route planning, pipeline integrity, and dispersion modelling. This paper presents two case studies, in both of which pipeline management was assisted and operating costs were reduced. In the first study, inspection schedules and management were successfully controlled, to prioritise maintenance plans, regularly review high-risk areas, and avoid possible third-party damage. The program brings all these data sets together, and displays them visually so that users can identify areas of concern along the pipeline route. The second study was applied to emergency response and planning, where the operator first needs to locate the incident, determine its nature, locate emergency services, handle the incident, and assess the incident's impact.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/499276</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A PROBABILISTIC APPROACH TO FRACTURE ASSESSMENT OF ONSHORE GAS-TRANSMISSION PIPELINES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/541847</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As part of the process of assessing the risk of gas-transmission pipelines, it is necessary to estimate the frequency at which gas releases can occur during service. This paper describes a probabilistic fracture-mechanics approach to estimating the failure frequency of gas pipelines from external damage, for example after accidental impacts from construction equipment. The types of pipe damage that can occur include surface gouges and dent gouges. An elastic-plastic fracture mechanics approach is taken, using the well-established R6 two-parameter procedure, which applies the reference stress method to incorporate the effects of crack tip plasticity. The following mathematical analysis methods are outlined: (1) gouge failure model; (2) dent-gouge failure model; (3) rupture failure model; and (4) leakage area calculations. The frequency of a pipeline failure due to an accidental external impact is calculated as the product of the probability of pipeline failure, given an impact, and the frequency of occurrence of impacts. The calculations use probability distributions for pipeline geometry and material parameters, based on published information, judgement, and experience. Failure frequencies from different models are compared. Seven basic conclusions are drawn about this probabilistic approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Dec 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/541847</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>USING HYGROMETRY TO OPITIMIZE COMMISSIONING AND OPERATION OF GAS PIPELINES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/541848</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The importance of monitoring moisture content in gas pipeline applications is likely to continue to increase at every stage of the pipeline process, including installation, operations, and maintenance. Traceable accurate industrial hygrometers are playing an increasingly important part in the necessary measurements. This article shows how to achieve optimal performance efficiency throughout a pipeline, and how to establish and maintain the moisture content of process gases, within process and legislative guidelines. New and reconditioned gas pipelines must be scrupulously cleaned, tested, and dried before being brought into service. Therefore, these pipelines are generally subjected to hot air drying, nitrogen purge drying, or vacuum drying. For each method, a hygrometer can determine when to end the drying process. To ensure that ideal conditions are maintained throughout its operation, a pipeline must be monitored for moisture content continually. Mitchell's Cermax is an example of an accurate portable hygrometer, which has been designed to measure even the smallest amounts of moisture within pipelines in the natural gas and process industries. It is also important to choose adaptable and versatile moisture sensors, especially for pipeline drying applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Dec 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/541848</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PIPELINE PROTECTION GETS REAL RETURNS FROM ASSETS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/541849</link>
      <description><![CDATA[All water and wastewater network owners and operators give high priority to prolonging pipeline life. Minimising disruption to services is essential for maximising capital returns on infrastructure. Therefore, pipeline producers have introduced increasingly sophisticated and effective pipeline protection mechanisms. For example, Biwater Industries, a manufacturer of ductile iron pipes and fittings, continually researches, tests, and reviews the protection systems that it applies to its proven range of water and wastewater pipe products. Its pipes are protected by several different internal and external coatings, whose choice depends on application and ground conditions. Protection is provided against: (1) surface oxidation and weathering during storage and transportation; (2) internal corrosion during service; and (3) external corrosion after installation. Active coatings and linings work by changing the electrochemical potential of the surface that they cover. Passive coatings act as barriers separating metal from contact with its corrosive environment. A coating of cohesive metallic zinc, applied by spraying, provides good active galvanic protection of a pipe, and is very durable. Biwater's ductile iron pipes can also be protected passively by factory-applied polyethylene wrapping or other linings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Dec 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/541849</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONSTRUCTION AND COMMISSIONING OF THE SCOTLAND TO NORTHERN IRELAND NATURAL GAS PIPELINE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/539522</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper summarises the commissioning and construction of the natural gas pipeline between Scotland and Northern Ireland, and includes guidance that may help those involved in planning and managing a similar development. The first part of the paper discusses the selection of possible routes for the pipeline, the detailed investigation of the route that was chosen, the legislation required for different sections of the route, the strategy for drawing up contracts for the onshore and offshore work, and the standards used for the design of the onshore and offshore work. The second part describes the onshore and offshore construction methods. The onshore methods used were horizontal directional drilling, thrust boring, open cut, and auger boring. The offshore methods used were laybarge pipeline construction, winching the landfall sections, final tie-in, trenching, and rock dumping. Safety was a key factor in the construction, and a new safety scheme was introduced. The other aspects described are environmental considerations, the handling of archaeological sites along the route, offshore and onshore testing, and commissioning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Oct 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/539522</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE COST OF DIGGING DEEPER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/539523</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article discusses the heavy costs incurred by utilities while maintaining, repairing, and renewing underground pipe networks. Traffic disruption can range from very minor to serious, and can increase accident and pollution levels. Its costs are likely to be highest where: (1) traffic flows are highest and close to the road network's capacity; (2) the affected area is densely populated, for example in an urban area; and (3) a high proportion of the traffic is for business journeys. The New Roads and Street Works Act 1991 allows UK local authorities to limit traffic disruptions to specific times of day and/or days of the week, by allocating roads to categories of traffic sensitivity. Social costs must be considered in almost all aspects of a utility's business. For example, an understanding of the true costs of leakage repair is helping some watr companies to optimise their leakage-control activities, and respond to calls for economic leakage targets. By understanding the social costs of traffic disruption, utilities and local authorities can make more accurate decisions about how and when to undertake a streetwork, for example choices between 'dig' and 'no-dig' methods. The impact of actual streetworks on traffic flow can be predicted by using standard traffic management software and information on types of work.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Oct 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/539523</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH TO PIPELINE LIFE MANAGEMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/487302</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses the role of qualitative and quantitative risk management in pipeline life management, and gives some illustrative examples. It describes a qualitative risk assessment methodology and priority-rating scheme, which can be used to identify which pipelines in a system most need maintenance, and which maintenance measure is most appropriate. This approach allows efficient allocation of available maintenance resources, and the acquisition of knowledge about the pipeline's condition. With this knowledge, risks to the pipeline can be quantified. During the life of an engineering structure, the failure probability per unit time is highest when the structure is either new or old. After its original development, the priority-rating scheme was extended to become ASPIRE (A System for PIpeline Risk Evaluation), and successfully applied to onshore and offshore liquid and gas pipeline systems. The operator receives a customised version of the ASPIRE software, which can be updated by findings of maintenance work and damage incidents, then used to prioritise pipelines for future maintenance activities and minimise operational risks. The paper shows how to apply these methods to quantify the risks associated with pipeline maintenance, corroding pipelines, uprating, and long-running cracks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/487302</guid>
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