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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>A Comparative Study of International Wind Load Standards for Pipe Rack Modules</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350904</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The latest ASCE report “Wind Loads on Petrochemical and Other Industrial Structures” acknowledges some international documents and resources that guide the practicing engineer who is involved in reviewing designs or analyzing wind loads on structures at international Petrochemical facilities. Despite the consensus and increased uniformity in wind load determination within the profession, engineers are frequently confronted with situations where multiple country standards are required to be used for the same project. This presents significant challenges to designers, caution is required when applying and interpreting multiple codes and standards. This paper describes a comparison of design wind load calculations for pipe rack structures based on seven major international codes and standards: ASCE 7-2010 (American), AS/NZS 1170.2 2011 (Australian and New Zealand), EN Eurocode 1 2010 (European), GB 50009 2012 (Chinese), IS 875 2008 (Indian), NBC 2010 (Canadian), and SP 20.13330 2011 (Russian). A parametric study of a pipe rack module located in non-hurricane area supporting piping, electrical cables and equipment is presented. This simple case study highlights comparative approaches and data among the selected standards. Recommendations based on the study findings and the application of standards in wind loads on pipe rack modules are provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2015 09:07:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350904</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Structural Response of Joints Made with Generic UHPC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350857</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reports on ongoing research involving the use of non-proprietary Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) in closure pours (joints) between precast bridge deck elements. With the objective of exploring the lower limits of joint size, four specimens were designed based on existing information about the bond strength of steel rebars in UHPC and then tested to failure. The applied loading was such that the UHPC joints were subjected to either pure flexure or combined flexure and shear. Test results showed that all specimens suffered bond-related failures prior to steel yield. The reasons for the observed failures are discussed and related ongoing research is outlined.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2015 09:07:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350857</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Risk-Based Inspection and Hazard Assessments: Analogs for Civil Infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350875</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Day-to-day environmental and operational conditions that lead to deterioration of in-service structures are most often addressed through prescriptive inspection routines or handled on an ad-hoc basis. These approaches lack effectiveness if inspections are untimely or efforts are misdirected. Gains may be realized by following risk-based inspection paradigms in civil infrastructure. Related industries, such as the oil and gas, chemical process, energy and commercial aerospace sectors have long been applying risk-based methods to perform hazard assessments and to then prioritize the inspection and maintenance of structures and systems. These risk-based methods are used to identify, evaluate and control hazards, many of which involve more typical day-to-day deterioration hazards in addition to rare, high-consequence hazards. This paper will serve to highlight hazard assessment techniques and risk-based inspection methods from related industries and suggest how analogous methods may be used for civil infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2015 09:07:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350875</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Community Resilience of the Built Environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350864</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Buildings and infrastructure systems support housing, business, government, industry, and other vital services in communities. The concept of disaster resilience addresses the way that communities prepare for and recover from disruptive events. Needs of citizens and institutions in a community define the performance requirements for buildings and infrastructure systems, including the recovery in the aftermath of damaging hazard events. However, current practice does not adequately address risks and reliability at a community systems level, interdependencies between systems, or the role each system plays in recovery. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) has established a research program to improve guidance, standards, and tools that support community disaster resilience planning. The immediate research has been initiated with guidance documents to identify best practices and research needs. The longer term research includes development of metrics and tools for communities based on integrated systems modeling at a community level.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2015 09:07:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350864</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Time-Dependent Probabilistic Capacity Assessment of a Prestressed Concrete Pile in a Spatially Varying Corrosive Marine Environment Using Detailed Finite Element Methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350859</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to provide a comprehensive method for modeling and analyzing prestressed concrete substructure elements, specifically wharf piles, subjected to chloride-induced corrosion. Fully understanding this process is crucial to capturing uncertainties in structural response and providing accurate predictions of its time-dependent degradation mechanisms. A probabilistic modeling framework and detailed finite element model and analysis are employed to explore these effects. Results indicate a high degree of uncertainty captured by the spatial and time-dependent modeling techniques in addition to stress corrosion cracking and brittle failures modes observed in the finite element analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2015 09:07:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350859</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring Structural Behavior and Component Detailing in Virtual Reality</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350955</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The ability of structural engineering educators to introduce to students complex 3D spatial arrangements typically has been limited to 2D drawings or physical models. To more fully explore all facets of a structure and better understand structural behavior at the member and system level, models undergoing different modes of deformation and failure are deployed in a virtual reality setting. The virtual reality environment developed allows users to interact with a structure through a head mounted device and hand system in a CAVE-like immersive environment or with a virtual reality headset such as the Oculus Rift. The use of a portable headset allows the virtual reality models to be directly accessible in the classroom. The models, which can be modified and expanded, enable students to view a wide variety of structures under different loadings from any number of vantage points unlike a physical model that may be limited by cost and safety concerns.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2015 09:07:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350955</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Ambient Vibration Control of Suspended Bridges Using Self-Centering Friction Damping Brace</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350907</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research presents methods to control vibration of suspended bridges decks by incorporating a self-centering friction damping mechanism to (1) mitigate damaging ambient vibrations and (2) maintain a necessary potential of energy dissipation during major seismic excitation. To achieve this, a thorough investigation of the relationship between viscous and friction damping is conducted both analytically and in a numerical computer model. The objective of this paper is to introduce friction damping concepts as well as methods of approaching equivalent viscous damping. Necessary design parameters for friction dampers will be identified and compared to that of their viscous damping counterpart in an effort achieve equal energy dissipation. Furthermore, this paper introduces the modified self-centering friction damping brace (SFDB) and discusses the concept of design and analysis for replacement of viscous dampers in suspended bridges. The modified SFDB is analyzed in a single degree of freedom system and compared to a typical viscously damped system. The free vibration behavior of the modified SFDB is compared to viscous damping behavior and evaluated for future research involving the retrofit of the Vincent Thomas Bridge in San Pedro, CA.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2015 09:07:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350907</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Graphic Statics and Interactive Optimization for Engineering Education</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350957</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although conventional structural analysis software is widely used by practicing engineers, its pedagogical value for students is limited, especially in design applications. Nevertheless, there is an established value in students exploring engineering problems through computational means. This paper presents alternative computational techniques and tools that are effective improvements upon structural analysis software in the university classroom. The first set focuses on graphic statics. The second involves interactive evolutionary optimization. The paper provides feedback about their effective implementation in classrooms and demonstrates how the new tools can continue to be used by students beyond the classroom, to expand explorative opportunities for conceptual structural design in practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2015 09:07:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350957</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Preparing Engineers for Evaluation of Constructed Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350958</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Current engineering education places a significant focus on design of new, idealized structures. However, many graduating engineers are entering the workforce and are faced with evaluation of existing complex systems. To address this learning gap, a new graduate course was recently added at Tennessee Technological University titled, “Structural Identification of Constructed Systems”. Structural identification is the process of creating, then updating a physics-based structural model based on its measured static and/or dynamic measured response which is then used for evaluation of the structure’s performance as well as making critical decisions. The new course taught students the fundamentals of Structural Identification through hands-on experience, which included several laboratory experiments and projects. This paper presents the primary characteristics of the course along with sample student projects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2015 09:07:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350958</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Live Load Distribution Factors for a Short Span Timber Bridge under Heavy Agricultural Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350921</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Specifications provide simplified formulas to determine Live Load Distribution Factors (LLDFs) for timber girder bridges with timber decking. The AASHTO formulas have been developed based upon the parametric study for timber bridges subjected to typical highway vehicles. However, the majority of short span timber bridges are located on secondary roadways where agricultural vehicles often operate. These vehicles have more vastly different configurations and weights relative to highway vehicles; thus, they can result in more different LLDFs than highway vehicles. Hence, the focus of this study is on the investigation of agricultural vehicle induced LLDFs for a short span timber bridge with timber decking through field tests, simulations, and AASHTO-based codified methods. The bridge was tested with four heavy agricultural vehicles and a highway truck. Commercially available finite element analysis (FEA) software was used to generate an analytical model of the bridge. The model was refined with field data to replicate field responses and analytical LLDFs of the bridge. To account for uncertainties in agricultural vehicle parameters, a large number of agricultural vehicles with different characteristics in use in the United States were used as input loads in the model. Field and analytical LLDFs were compared to those obtained from the AASHTO-based codified methods. Findings indicated that the field and analytical LLDFs for most girders occasionally exceeded the AASHTO codified values.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2015 09:07:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350921</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of the Effects of Graphene on the Micro- and Macro-Properties of Cementitious Materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350846</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent research indicates that graphene and graphene oxide nanoplatelets can enhance the “smartness” as well as improve the strength of cementitious materials due to their unique mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Despite the great advantages and promising potentials shown in the graphene-reinforced concrete, its application to real construction demands a deep understanding of the graphene’s effects on concrete durability. To meet this need, this study is focused on studying the freeze/thaw performance and corrosion resistance of graphene-reinforced concrete. Different types of graphene and graphene oxide nanoplatelets, characterized by their size and oxidation, are used to cast mortar specimens for experimental investigation. The compressive strength, freeze/thaw performance, and corrosion resistance are recorded for each group and then compared with the benchmark samples containing no graphene nanoplatelets. To deepen the understanding of the graphene’s effects on concrete, nano-scale characterization is further carried out for each group. The microstructure of the cement paste around the graphene nanoplatelets, with a focus on morphology and Young’s modulus, is probed by using Atomic force microscopy (AFM). It is found that graphene nanoplatelets can significantly change the proportions of constituent phases in the cement paste, which can be directly correlated with the strength and corrosion resistance of graphene-reinforced concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2015 09:07:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350846</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fault-Rupture Response Spectrum Analysis of a Four-Span Curved Bridge Crossing Earthquake Fault Rupture Zones</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350890</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A simplified analysis procedure named Fault Rupture-Response Spectrum Analysis (FR-RSA) method was recently developed as an alternative to the rigorous but onerous nonlinear Response History Analysis (RHA) method for bridges crossing earthquake fault rupture zones. To validate the FR-RSA method, this research investigates seismic response of a representative four-span curved bridge in California. The selected bridge was analyzed using both the FR-RSA method and the nonlinear RHA method for comparison purpose. Ground motions, earthquake fault rupture locations, and fault orientations were varied in the analyses to expand the validation work under a broad range of the parameters. Result comparisons show that the FR-RSA method provides estimates of peak bridge displacement response that are close enough to the “exact” nonlinear RHA results in all considered cases; therefore, it is recommended for future practical application.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2015 09:07:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350890</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Internal Deterioration Mechanisms on the System Level Behavior of Composite Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350918</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The ASCE’s 2013 Report Card for America’s Infrastructure assigned in-service bridges a score of C+. This rating reflects the extent of the deteriorating conditions and deficiency of the national aging infrastructure network. Currently, transportation agencies depend heavily on experiential-based practices to make decisions regarding maintenance and preservation. While practitioners and decision-makers already invest ample efforts towards this cause, the lack of a rational understanding of system-level behavior of in-service structures makes resolving the problem even more complicated. This constraint, coupled with limited resources and the vast network of existing structures in service, highlights the need to develop strategies to better understand the operational safety and remaining life of these structures. In pursuit of this objective, this study focuses on understanding the performance of deteriorated prestressed concrete bridges. A performance-based assessment framework was developed, which allows for the integration of the various sources of damage within the primary load carrying members. This framework is then used to quantify the implications of these mechanisms on the serviceability, capacity, and remaining service life of the structure. The investigation, conducted using a numerical analysis platform, is expected to help support the maintenance decision through rational and risk-based techniques, which will ultimately integrate condition-based system behavior.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2015 09:07:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350918</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>System Response of Full-Scale Reinforced Concrete Framing Systems to Column Removal and Blast Loading</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350834</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an overview of the issues associated with enhancing the resilience and robustness of the infrastructure. Key phenomena pertaining to global response and collapse resilience are described, and the kinds of results garnered from tests and issues associated with testing are mentioned. In this regard, deficiencies are described in the knowledge base related to the phenomena associated with the global response and failure modes of structural systems. Impediments to developing effective methodologies for specifically adding resilience to framing systems as part of their designs are also identified. Finally, the sorts of tests and testing setups that may be used to provide useful information are described.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2015 09:07:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350834</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Environmental Effects on Material and Bond Durability of CFRP and AFRP for Prestressed Concrete Bridge Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350843</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Within the transportation community, steel is one of the most widely used construction materials; however, in most operating environments it corrodes, often resulting in a loss in capacity or serviceability. Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) have become a viable alternative to steel and continue to gain attention due to their high tensile strength and durability. To further the knowledge base of FRP, this paper focuses on the bond durability of unidirectional pultruded FRP bars—made with carbon (CFRP) and aramid (AFRP) fibers—in concrete after exposure to thermal fatigue and saltwater environments, for the purpose of understanding the performance of FRP for prestressing applications. Cube specimens containing AFRP, CFRP, and 2205 stainless steel (control) were exposed to these environments and then subjected to direct pullout tests to evaluate bond strength. Thermal fatigue caused the greatest reduction in bond capacity for all bar types, with CFRP retaining better performance than AFRP.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2015 09:07:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350843</guid>
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