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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>RAIL OVERTURNING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/80933</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The number of train accidents increased in recent years. This may be partially attributed to the use of high speed trains and elimination of expansion joints.  Derailments are among the significant causes of accident and may be caused by overturning of rail.  A better understanding of rail overturning is thus a significant step toward the safe operation and adequate design of the rail system .  This paper is concerned with the identification of the significant parameters affecting the instability of the rail system and an improved method of solution.  In the first part, the equations governing the behavior of the system are set up.  Axial loads induced by a temperature change or braking of locomotives are included in the formulation in addition to the vertical and lateral loads.  The torsional and lateral stiffness of the rail, fasteners and ties are represented by means of springs.  A parametric study is performed by a direct variational method to establish the values of the significant parameters.  The finite element method is then applied, using the derived stiffness matrix, to obtain an accurate solution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/80933</guid>
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      <title>IMPACT VULNERABILITY OF TANK CAR HEADS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/12692</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An Impact Vulnerability study of tank car heads was undertaken by means of semi-analytical evaluation of head failures through careful observation of indentations and punctures produced in a series of full scale tests. Vulnerability influencing parameters were identified. Simple formulas to determine the permanent indentation and the impact force were developed in conjunction with a theoretical analysis of influential dimensionless parameters and an application of Hertz' force-indentation law to collision problems.  Finally, the tank car head failure criteria were established.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 10 Oct 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/12692</guid>
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      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF A RAILROAD ROUGHNESS INDEXING AND SIMULATION PROCEDURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/24975</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To simulate rail vehicle performance on an analog computer to study shock and vibration characteristics of various rail and cargo configurations, input must be provided representing the roughness characteristic of the rail surface.  Methods for measuring and simulating rail surface roughness are described which resulted in a recommendation to use a white noise generator to provide the required inputs.  Measured accelerations on cargo were found to approximate the characteristics of white noise.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>SURVEY OF THE TRANSPORTATION SHOCK AND VIBRATION IMPUT TO CARGO</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/11972</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The shock and vibration environment encountered by cargo during transportation is reviewed.  Available data describing the environment on trucks, railcars, ships and aircraft is summarized.  The vibration environment is described in terms of probability of occurrence of peak accelerations as a function of frequency.  Peak acceleration levels, 99.5%, 99%, 98%, and 90% probability levels are presented for particular vehicles covering a wide range of operating conditions.  Curves are presented to show the effect of direction, load, location and speed on the environment.  Shock spectra are presented for typical events encountered during transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 15 Jun 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/11972</guid>
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      <title>DAMPING VALUES OF NAVAL SHIPS FROM IMPULSE LOADINGS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The analysis of transient vibrations on naval ships is a useful means in the evaluation of a ships vibration characteristics.  This report presents data of frequencies and damping obtained for four surface ships with a brief description of the analysis technique used.  Anchor drops were used to excite transient vibrations of the ships hull at low frequencies.  Damping values thus obtained are compared with previous findings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Aug 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569</guid>
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      <title>ON THE DAMPING OF TRANSVERSE MOTION OF FREE-FREE BEAMS IN DENSE, STAGNANT FLUIDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/12347</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The damping of free-free beams vibrating in dense, still fluids has been studied experimentally.  The decay of transverse vibration following an impulse load on the beams was dominated by viscous damping at low frequencies, both of which were measured on beams of various geometries.  The results raise considerable question concerning the validity of measuring the damping characteristics of material samples in water.  It appears that the material samples must be designed to minimize spurious fluid-damping effects, otherwise the results may be more particular to the experiment configuration than to the material itself.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 May 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/12347</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF STRUCTUREBORNE VIBRATION TRANSMISSION THROUGH COMPLEX SHIP STRUCTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/12348</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A simplified method for anlayzing the transmission of vibration in ship structures is presented.  The reflection and transmission of bending and longitudinal elastic waves in plates or beams forming cross-shaped connections is investigated and an analysis is presented of the propagation of bending wave through an infinitely long plate stiffened by structural elements of arbitrary shape.  Finally, a multipath plane structure is investigated for bending wave transmission.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 May 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/12348</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURAL AND STILL WATER DAMPING AND VIRTUAL MASS OF CONTROL SURFACES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/12378</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An experiment has been designed for determining the damping constants and virtual mass for the control surface systems of USS ALBACORE and USS SAMPSON; theoretical methods for determining the virtual inertias (including virtual mass) of these control surfaces are also given.  The theoretical foundation for the experimental design and the procedure for analyzing the experimental data are described.  The damping and inertial parameters obtained are essential to the performance of a hull-control surface vibration and/or flutter analysis.  Test procedure is applicable to control surfaces of surface ships, submarines, hydrocrafts, etc.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 May 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF PARTIALLY CONSTRAINED SHIP GRILLAGES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2570</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A number of alternative methods of estimating natural frequencies and mode shapes for ship grillages are reviewed and developed.  Particular reference is made to the inclusion of axial load effects and the treatment of elastically constrained boundaries.  The advantages and limitations of each method as a practical design tool are assessed and illustrative solutions are included for a typical deck structure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Aug 1971 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2570</guid>
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      <title>PORTABLE INSTRUMENTS FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH SHIPBOARD VIBRATION CODES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A code has been developed to establish standard procedures for obtaining and evaluating data on hull vibrations on naval and merchant ships.  Portable instruments have been developed by the Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC) for use in obtaining the data described in the code. These instruments have been integrated into a portable vibration measurement kit which can be used on any ship. This paper describes the kit and gives a detailed description of each component and its interconnection in the resulting system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Aug 1971 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571</guid>
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      <title>EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING SHOCK RESPONSE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2556</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Attempts to interpret most measured shock response data are always difficult and frequently futile.  These problems stem from attempts to interpret the measured response data in terms of the primary parameter of measurement (acceleration or velocity) whereas the parameter most readily related to the actual structure is that of differential displacement across structural elements.  Numerous illustrations from a successful measurement program, and various arguments are offered to justify this contention.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Aug 1971 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2556</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ENVIRONMENTAL VIBRATION RECORDER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2568</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An environmental vibration recorder (EVR) was developed to obtain vibration data over a long period of time while the ship operates in various sea-states.  The EVR reduces the analysis time by recording only the peak level of vibration data at selected frequencies instead of recording the complete analog signal as the earlier model did.  Each transducer is sampled for the maximum value for five minutes, and the output is recorded in binary code on paper tape.  The transducer number, time ships heading, sea-state, sea angle of attack, shaft rpm and wind velocity are recorded with the vibration data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Aug 1971 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2568</guid>
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