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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Towards timetable redesign : from path insertions for train rerouting to an entirely new timetabling process</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752095</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Railway timetables are constructed yearly and contain the plan for the complete subsequent year. However, over the course of that year, they have to be modified frequently. A common cause is the closure of a line due to maintenance works, but also disruptions can cause railway lines to be closed for multiple days. In these scenarios, regional trains are often partially cancelled and replaced by buses, while it is preferable to keep long-distance trains running by rerouting them. In order to reroute a train, planners must change its schedule - also known as a train path. At the moment, train paths are altered manually. We propose algorithms that help to automate these procedures. These algorithms also have other use cases for an infrastructure manager or a railway undertaking: they can add or request an ad-hoc train path, or verify when capacity is still available.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:37:02 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>The influence of organisational dependencies and planning frameworks on construction and demolition (C&amp;D) waste circularity in Sweden</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752094</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this thesis is to examine how organizational dependencies, legal frameworks and planning processes influence construction and demolition (C&D) waste circularity in the construction and demolition ecosystem. As global population growth continues to drive increasing demand for construction, society is constantly faced with more transport needs, more emissions and more resource use. In this context, the circular economy principles promise a potential way to mitigate this by promoting the reuse of construction and demolition materials. Existing studies have noted that the construction industry can implement the principles of the circular economy, but the progress in practice remains limited; as such, there is an overarching need to increase circularity in the construction sector. Previous studies have made important contributions by identifying a wide range of barriers influencing construction industry circularity-spanning regulation, organization, material quality, and information sharing. These barriers are not isolated phenomena; instead, they are deeply embedded within networks of actor dependences shaped by organizational structures and planning frameworks (legislation and planning processes). Advancing construction circularity, therefore, requires a comprehensive understanding of how actors relate to one another, coordinate across the organization, and collaborate. In addition, addressing legislative barriers requires not only examining the legislation itself but also understanding how this legislation interacts with the practical realities of industry actors. Therefore, this study follows the research questions: RQ 1: How do actors' dependencies within the construction/demolition ecosystem influence the advancement of circularity? RQ 2: How do planning processes and legal frameworks affect the advancement of construction material circularity?]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:37:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752094</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Digital twins and explainable AI for decision support in port and maritime operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752093</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ports are actively pursuing greater operational efficiency to handle the increasing global flow of goods, while simultaneously improving the energy efficiency of their operations to comply with new environmental regulations. As a result, innovation-leading ports have begun to recognize the potential of digital twins to monitor, coordinate, and optimize port processes, enabling energy savings and reductions in both costs and CO2 emissions. Although digital twins have gained significant momentum in other domains, such as smart manufacturing and aerospace, their adoption in ports remains challenging. This can be explained by the multi-stakeholder nature of ports and the high complexity of their interconnected processes, requiring decision-making across organizational boundaries. Grounded in the port context, this thesis examines what constitutes a digital twin, proposes a framework to assess the maturity of existing port digital twins, and develops modeling and explainable AI-enabled decision support components for port and maritime operations. These components span seaside, quay, yard, and gate processes and can serve as building blocks of future port digital twin implementations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:36:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752093</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Contributions to branch-and-price methods for electric vehicle routing problems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752064</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is a fundamental combinatorial optimization problem concerned with determining cost-efficient routes for a fleet of vehicles serving a set of customers under operational constraints. In recent years, the electrification of transportation has led to the emergence of the Electric Vehicle Routing Problem (EVRP), where routing decisions must account for battery charging requirements and energy-related constraints. These additional considerations significantly increase the complexity of the problem. This thesis studies exact solution approaches for the EVRP based on branch-and-price algorithms, the state-of-the-art methodology for solving large-scale vehicle routing problems to optimality. Branch-and-price combines branch-and-bound with column generation, where the master problem is solved using linear programming relaxation and new columns (routes) are generated dynamically by solving a pricing problem. For the EVRP, the pricing problem takes the form of an elementary shortest path problem with resource constraints, which is typically solved using labeling algorithms.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:36:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752064</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Modelling, control, and optimization of fuel cell hybrid trucks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752030</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The heavy-duty freight sector finds itself in a state of change. Legislation and customer demand pushes the industry towards electrification, where the pure battery and fuel cell electric hybrid have emerged as the top contending technologies to replace the conventional diesel powertrain, and although pure battery powertrains dominate the light-duty sector, projections indicate that fuel cell hybrids will show superior performance in long-range missions with heavy cargo. Particularly so in the context of future autonomous vehicles, considering the potential for continuous, non-stop driving. Regardless, several techno-economic challenges remain before widespread adoption of either pure battery powertrains or fuel cell hybrids in the heavy-duty sector. These challenges include but are not limited to the weight of lithium cells, elevated hydrogen prices, insufficient recharging/refuelling infrastructure, durability, as well as thermal management related issues. A model-based approach can be used to target these challenges, which motivated the development of the Electrochemical Commercial Vehicle (ECCV) platform; a model library tailored for controls algorithm development and rapid virtual prototyping of electrified trucks. While auto-manufacturers use in-house and proprietary software to solve similar tasks, the open-source nature of the ECCV-platform allows for collaboration within academia and industry without issues relating to intellectual property rights, a type of collaboration which was demonstrated in a benchmark competition held at the IFAC World Congress 2023, where six teams from universities all over the world contributed their solutions to the fuel cell hybrid energy management problem.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:35:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752030</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Travel demand estimation and network supply calibration for large-scale urban networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752029</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Estimation of origin-destination (OD) vehicle flows and link capacity calibration are fundamental processes in transportation science, especially in the context of transport modelling and simulation. They ensure that transportation models accurately reflect real-world travel behaviour and network conditions. This thesis develops a simulation-based optimization algorithm for network-wide link capacity calibration. To address the high dimensionality of large-scale networks, the algorithm is integrated with partial least squares (PLS) regression, which reduces the number of variables and enhances computational efficiency. The algorithm is evaluated on an urban road network in Stockholm, Sweden, where it demonstrates feasibility and higher efficiency compared to the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) method. For large-scale OD estimation, this thesis advances the field in two main directions. First, it develops a data fusion framework that integrates multiple heterogeneous data sources, including mobile network data, link count observations, and turning proportion data. Second, it proposes several methods to enhance the computational efficiency of OD estimation in large urban networks. These include: (i) implementing data-driven network assignment (DDNA) using GPS data to construct a fixed OD-to-link mapping, thereby eliminating the need for iterative assignment within a bi-level optimization structure; (ii) applying non-negative matrix factorization (NNMF) for dimensionality reduction, which simplifies the optimization by reducing the number of variables; and (iii) developing a numerical solver based on an interior-point method that exploits structural properties of the assignment matrix, such as sparsity and linearity, to enhance computational performance. The proposed OD estimation methods are evaluated on real-world networks in central Stockholm and Norrköping, Sweden, demonstrating accurate and stable OD and link flow estimates with substantial gains in computational efficiency compared to solving the OD estimation problem without dimensionality reduction techniques or numerical solver improvement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:35:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752029</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomethane for fossil-free freight : understanding roles, experiences and engagements among logistics stakeholders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752018</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This doctoral thesis explores how the use of biomethane as a fossil-free fuel in road freight affects logistics stakeholders and their relationships with each other. While electrification presently dominates green logistics research, biomethane remains underrepresented despite its range, similarities to diesel, local production and encouragement to a more circular economy. The purpose of the doctoral kappa is to increase understanding of how using biomethane in road freight affects logistics stakeholders and their relationships. Three research questions were posed. The first, What roles do logistics stakeholders take when utilizing biomethane in road freight?, resulted in findings revealing that logistics stakeholders assumed dynamic roles based upon activity and influence. The second research question, Which drivers and barriers do logistics stakeholders experience when utilizing biomethane in road freight?, resulted in the identification of drivers and barriers experienced by the logistics stakeholders within the dimensions of technology, customer, organizational culture, costs, society and policy. The last research question, How do logistics stakeholders engage with one another when biomethane is utilized in road freight?, resulted in identification of engagement approaches to understand interactions amongst logistics stakeholders when using biomethane in road freight. Empirical data were collected through a systematic literature review, two case studies, interview studies, and document analysis within the Swedish context, focusing on logistics stakeholders' use of biomethane in road freight.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:35:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752018</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Microscopic simulation of bicycle traffic : analysis and modeling of heterogeneity and free riding on bicycle paths</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752003</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As bicycling becomes an integral part of sustainable mobility, reliable planning tools are essential to ensure bicycling as an efficient mode of transport. The growing bicycle demand requires not only expanding infrastructure, but also ensuring that such infrastructure supports well-functioning traffic under high demands. Given the high heterogeneity in bicyclist characteristics, the use of microscopic traffic simulation, which explicitly considers individual properties and preferences, becomes particularly useful for evaluating bicycle traffic performance. While traffic simulation has been extensively utilized for traffic planning of various modes of transport, this type of modeling support is largely lacking in the planning of bicycle traffic. Although most commercial simulators allow multi-modal traffic analysis, bicycle traffic is often modeled by adjusting parameters in models originally designed for other modes, even though bicyclists may exhibit distinct characteristics and behaviors. Consequently, the proper inclusion of bicyclists into various traffic simulation analyses is difficult, and often inaccurate. The objective of this thesis is to develop and evaluate mathematical models for accurate microscopic simulation of bicycle traffic, with a focus on developing empirically well-founded models that capture the heterogeneity in bicyclists' characteristics and preferences, as well as their interactions with the built environment and with each other. The thesis delivers an empirical characterization of bicycle traffic in diverse contexts, describing the heterogeneity in characteristics and preferences of bicyclists - including disaggregated analyses by bicycle type - that potentially influence traffic performance. Methods for processing and validating bicycling data are developed to support this characterization. Furthermore, the thesis demonstrates that bicyclist speeds are highly context-dependent and proposes simulation models for context-related features of bicycling trips, such as topography, curvature, and wind, that integrate heterogeneous and adaptive free riding behavior to improve the accuracy of simulated speeds and the reliability of bicycle traffic simulations. This thesis advances the accuracy and applicability of microscopic simulation of bicycle traffic for its use in the planning of well-functioning bicycle traffic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:35:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752003</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Environmental efficiency in terminal airspace : performance modeling and arrival optimization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2751982</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aviation industry faces the urgent challenge of reconciling projected traffic growth with stringent climate targets, including the European Union's goal of climate neutrality by 2050. While technological innovations such as sustainable aviation fuels and hydrogen propulsion are critical for long-term decarbonization, their near-term impact remains limited. In this thesis, we address the immediate opportunity of improving the environmental efficiency of aircraft arrival operations in Terminal Manoeuvring Areas (TMAs), where congestion and complex sequencing often lead to excess fuel burn, emissions and noise. Existing research has demonstrated the benefits of Continuous Descent Operations (CDOs) and structured arrival procedures such as Point Merge (PM). However, for TMA performance evaluations, current practices are limited in real-world assessments of environmental efficiency beyond Carbon Dioxide (CO2). In terms of optimization of the arrival operations, the exploration of dynamic PM usage and early speed adjustments as a sequencing tool, integrated within the optimization framework, remains relatively unexplored. Furthermore, most optimization frameworks do not fully integrate arrival and departure scheduling in mixed-mode runway environments. The thesis addresses four key research questions: (1. What are the environmental benefits of using fuel-efficient CDOs within TMA and how to quantify them? (2. How to evaluate the arrival aircraft performance within TMAs implementing PM procedures? (3. Can the performance of current operations in a TMA where PM is implemented be improved by using optimization? (4. How can speed adjustment during cruise and descent be used, with or without combining it with PM procedures, to safely separate and sequence arriving flights? The overarching aim is to develop methodologies for assessing and optimizing arrival operations to reduce fuel consumption, emissions and noise while maintaining safety and capacity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:34:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2751982</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A numerical study on the influence of peat layer thickness on ground thermal regime along the Hudson Bay Railway</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694839</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Permafrost thaw driven by climate warming poses increasing risks to linear infrastructure in northern regions, including the Hudson Bay Railway (HBR) in Manitoba, Canada. Peat layers play a key role in controlling ground thermal behavior, yet their influence beneath and adjacent to embankments remains insufficiently quantified. This study uses transient 1D and 2D finite element thermal simulations to examine how peat layer thickness affects ground temperature and active layer thickness (ALT) in a permafrost railway setting. The results show that the ALT response to peat thickness is non-linear and spatially variable: thin to moderate peat increases ALT, while thicker peat can reduce or stabilize thaw near the embankment due to enhanced insulation and lateral heat transfer. Comparisons between 1D and 2D models indicate that neglecting lateral heat flow can lead to 10–20% differences in ALT estimates, particularly near the embankment. Overall, the findings highlight the dual insulating and heat-storage role of peat and demonstrate the effect of lateral thermal processes in embankment-affected permafrost terrain. These results provide preliminary insight into how peat thickness and model dimensionality influence permafrost stability in rail corridors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:03:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694839</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Propeller ice accretion effects on tandem propeller aerodynamics in eVTOL aircraft mode</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694712</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Propeller-propeller interaction is one of the main sources of aerodynamic losses in electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft. While previous studies have extensively investigated these interactions under clean conditions, the impact of ice accretion on wake-induced coupling between tandem propellers remains insufficiently understood. Under icy conditions, propeller performance degrades and wake structures become highly distorted, potentially amplifying their impact on downstream components. In this study, propeller interaction (defined as the aerodynamic coupling between upstream and downstream propellers through their wake and induced velocity fields) is investigated in airplane mode under different tandem configurations. Icing simulations are initially performed on a singular blade using FENSAP-ICE, whose methodology has been validated in our previous work, and the resulting ice geometries are later restructured to perform aerodynamic interaction analysis in ANSYS CFX. Findings show that propeller ice accretion, reduces thrust force, increases power demand and alters the boundary layer flow momentum. Thereby, enhancing the wake non-uniformity, intensifies turbulence and the changes local inflow conditions at rear propeller. Despite these changes, improved pressure recovery and reduced trailing edge separations are observed on the rear propeller. At severe icing conditions and maximum overlapping conditions, about 19% increase in thrust coefficients of downstream propeller observed than the clean wake case. The impacts of upstream propeller ice accretion decrease with the increase of the advance ratio and vertical offset distance between the propellers. The results of this work provide new insights into icing-induced propeller-propeller interaction mechanisms relevant to eVTOL aircraft operating in adverse atmospheric conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:03:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694712</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Laboratory study on a new enhancing method for an in-service crushed-rock embankment underlain by permafrost</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694710</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The crushed-rock layer embankment (CRLE) has been widely used in road/railway construction in permafrost regions to maintain subgrade stability via natural convective heat transfer. However, its cooling capacity tends to degrade over time due to sand infilling, rock weathering, and climate warming, making it necessary to enhance the convection process in a non-excavation manner for in-service CRLEs. This study proposes a novel non-excavation reinforcement method by inserting thermosyphons into the upper part of the embankment, and laboratory model tests were conducted to investigate the underlying enhancement mechanism. Under identical testing conditions, comparative experiments involving a conventional CRLE and a thermosyphon-enhanced CRLE were carried out over four freeze–thaw cycles. Based on monitored temperature, air velocity, and heat flux data, the following key findings were obtained: the thermosyphon achieved a peak heat drainage flux of −90.79 W/m² and a net heat drainage of 27.53 MJ/m² per cycle; it reduced the temperature at the crushed-rock layer (CRL) surface by up to 7.29 °C, thereby increasing the temperature difference across the CRL and enhancing the natural convection driving force, which resulted in a 42% increase in the maximum porous air velocity and a 19.2% extension of the natural convection active duration. In addition, the thermosyphon not only intensified the cooling magnitude of the CRL but also expanded the cooling area toward the central part of the embankment, increasing the heat released from the underlying soil during cold periods by 96.5% on average. The results validate that thermosyphon insertion is an effective non-excavation technique to actively enhance the cooling performance of in-service CRLEs, offering a rapid and low-impact solution for ensuring the long-term stability of transportation infrastructure built on permafrost.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:03:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694710</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical investigation of icing characteristics in the bogie region of high-speed trains under various icing conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694707</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To investigate the icing phenomenon on the bogies of high-speed trains in severely cold regions, this study employed the Eulerian quasi-transient multiphase flow approach to simulate the transport and impingement of droplets and snow particles onto the bogie structure. The analysis focused on the influence of droplet diameter, ambient temperature, and running time on ice accretion evolution. The results indicate that the total ice mass on the bogie increases with decreasing droplet diameter and lower ambient temperatures. However, under sustained low-temperature conditions, the difference in ice accumulation between droplet sizes diminishes. Larger droplets, due to their higher mass, can contribute to greater ice formation during the phase-change process. After one hour of operation, bogie 1 exhibited significantly more ice accretion than bogie 2. The bogie frame accounted for the highest proportion of ice mass, followed by the braking and suspension systems. Icing on the bogie not only leads to an increase in the aerodynamic drag of the train but also degrades the performance of the braking and suspension systems, thereby posing a potential threat to operational safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2026 10:07:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694707</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical study on the icing hazard zone of engine intake components under anti-icing conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694706</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In accordance with Clause 33.68 of the China Aeroengine Airworthiness Advisory Circular, computational cases are selected based on the icing envelope, engine operating envelope, and compressor working performance. A three-dimensional numerical simulation of hot-air anti-icing is performed on a full-loop realistic configuration model of the engine intake components, which includes the intake ducts, intake casing, struts, axial flow casing, and zero-stage guide vanes. Based on computational results regarding the effects of engine operating state, altitude, and ambient temperature on anti-icing characteristics, the icing hazard zones under anti-icing conditions are identified. The results indicate that for the studied engine intake components and their hot-air anti-icing cavity structure, three distinct icing hazard zones exist under anti-icing conditions: within the icing envelope at an altitude of 0 km, with ambient temperatures ranging from 261.15 K to 265.15 K and from 243.15 K to 248.15 K, when the engine operates at ground idle state; and in the left boundary region of the cumulus envelope, with ambient temperatures between 243.15 K and 253.15 K, when the engine operates at maximum continuous state. This research provides valuable insights for the analysis of icing critical point analysis and airworthiness certification tests of aeroengines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2026 10:07:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694706</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Interlayer shear performance deterioration and enhancement of induction heating based ultra-thin overlay for ice melting</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694701</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An induction heating asphalt ultra-thin overlay (IHAO) was previously developed to achieve effective and clean de-icing, addressing the growing threat to driving safety posed by snow and ice on roads in cold regions. However, the potential deterioration of interlayer shear resistance owing to ice melting by repeated induction heating still requires further investigation. This study tried to investigate how environmental temperatures, ice thicknesses, and freeze-thaw cycle times affected interlayer shear performance based on optimization of IHAO's induction heating parameter. An orthogonal experimental design, regarding ice-melting efficiency and low-temperature performance, was used to explore optimal induction heating parameters considering effects of different environmental temperatures, ice thicknesses, and ice-melting cycle times. X-ray computed tomography (CT) was used to visualize the evolution of interlayer contact after cyclic induction heating. Furthermore, a styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)-modified emulsified asphalt was proposed to mitigate interlayer shear degradation. Results showed that orthogonal experimental optimization determined the optimal induction heating parameters as 6% steel fiber, 24 kW power, and 10 mm distance, in which steel fiber content presented the most significant impact on ice-melting effect and low-temperature performance. Interlayer shear resistance was negatively determined by lower environmental temperature, thicker ice layer and more ice-melting cycles. CT analysis revealed that interlayer porosity decreased from 1.33% to 0.74% after induction heating. Interlayer shear strength and fracture energy of IHAO increased by 18.8% and 23.8% after 10 ice-melting cycles when SBR emulsified asphalt was used to replace original PC-3 emulsified asphalt as tack coat.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2026 10:07:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694701</guid>
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