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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Summary of U.S. Injuries and Fatalities Involving Entrapment and Suffocation in Grain Transport Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1630021</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article summarizes U.S. injuries and fatalities involving entrapment and suffocation in grain transport vehicles.  The authors used the Purdue University Agricultural Safety and Health Program database that includes information on documented injuries and fatalities in all forms of U.S. agricultural confined spaces. The database currently contains 1,968 cases documented in the U.S. between 1964 and 2016. Of these cases, 174 (8.8%) involved entrapment or suffocation in grain transport vehicles (GTVs), including gravity-flow wagons, semi-truck trailers, and other agricultural transport vehicles. Of the incidents documented, 64.3% resulted in fatalities and 71.8% involved children and youth age 20 years and under. The number of documented cases decreased sharply from a peak of approximately 7 cases per year in the early 1990s to an average of 3.1 cases per year over the past two decades, with no cases documented in 1998 and 2013. The authors review the overall linear increase in the frequency of incidents, attributing at least some of the increase to better surveillance methods as online search capabilities have evolved. They hypothesize that the recent decline in cases may be due to increased awareness of the hazards, particularly to youth, of transport in GTVs, as well as the increased use of warnings on GTVs. They conclude with recommendations for future strategies, including development of a safety standard that includes placement of safety messages, use of windows above outlets, retrofitting older GTVs with appropriate warnings, and providing safety education resources targeting all workers exposed to grain handling and transport.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Nov 2019 09:42:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1630021</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Stability Analysis of Agricultural Off-Road Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1630019</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a stability analysis of agricultural off-road vehicles, such as tractors, off-road utility vehicles (ORUVs), zero turn radius (ZTR) mowers, and all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), all of which can be a cause of fatalities and serious injuries, often because of a rollover of the vehicle.  The authors measured the rollover tendency of these vehicles using static lateral and longitudinal stability angles. Center of gravity locations were measured with the lift axle method, and lateral and longitudinal stability angles were calculated for four ATVs, five ORUVs, four ZTR mowers, and four lawn tractors. Stability angles for these vehicles and for five full-size agricultural tractors were compared. The authors cautioned that loading vehicles with ballast and operators can substantially decrease lateral and longitudinal stability angles. All loaded and unloaded, lateral and longitudinal stability angles determined met the appropriate ANSI requirements.  On average, ATVs had the lowest lateral (side) stability angles, and ZTR mowers had the lowest longitudinal (rear) stability angles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Nov 2019 09:42:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1630019</guid>
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      <title>Raising Awareness of Farm Equipment on Public Roadways in Tennessee</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1526605</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study conducted to determined the effectiveness of a program that was developed to educate young drivers about laws and guidelines governing farm equipment on public roadways in Tennessee. The program included a presentation, with identical pre- and post-surveys, and was presented to drivers' education classes and agriculture science classes at ten high schools in six counties in west and middle Tennessee. A total of 365 students between the ages of 13 and 19 participated in the program. The survey featured 13 questions in true/false format, covering topics such as equipment requirements, warning signs, and Tennessee laws. The pre-survey scores (average = 66% correct) and post-survey scores (average 89.3% correct) showed significant improvement.  The authors conclude that the program was effective in helping high school students gain a better understanding of the laws and guidelines in Tennessee concerning farm equipment on public roadways.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Dec 2018 10:27:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1526605</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of a Commercial Tractor Safety Monitoring System Using a Reverse Engineering Procedure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1493601</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Europe requires the use of rollover protective structures (ROPS) on tractors. Despite this attempt at worker safety, in Italy, 44.7% of agricultural deaths during 2000-2010 were related to tractor operation. A major risk is the difficulty tractor drivers have in predicting overturn. To improve safety, driver assistance devices have been developed that alert the operator to critical stability conditions. Sensors in the device record pitch, roll, and steering angle rate. These parameters are transmitted to an internal microprocessor to calculate a stability index. The authors verified the stability index calculation of a commercial device using reverse engineering. Two groups of events were found: 1) events with high values of roll or pitch at low forward speed, and 2) events with low values of roll or pitch at high forward speed and steering angle. These correspond to working in the field and traveling on the road, respectively. It was found that the formula for calculation of critical speed while turning, which is used to set off the driver alert, reflects travel conditions rather than field conditions. Therefore, the algorithm would benefit from calculating two risk indexes for the two operating conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jan 2018 09:20:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1493601</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Surveying the Impact of Work Hours and Schedules on Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Sleep</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1408793</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Given the long hours on the road involving multiple and interacting work stressors (i.e., delivery pressures, irregular shifts, ergonomic hazards), commercial drivers face a plethora of health and safety risks. Researchers goal was to determine whether and to what extent long-haul trucker work schedules influence sleep duration and quality. Survey and biometric data collected from male long-haul truck drivers at a major truckstop in central North Carolina over a six month period. Daily hours worked (mean = 11 hours, 55 minutes) and frequency of working over government-mandated daily HOS regulations (23.8% “frequently or always”) were statistically significant predictors of sleep duration. Miles driven per week (mean = 2,812.61), irregular daily hours worked (63.8%), and frequency of working over the daily hour limit (23.8% “frequently or always”) were statistically significant predictors of sleep quality. Implications of findings suggest a comprehensive review of the regulations and operational conditions for commercial motor vehicle drivers be undertaken.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 May 2016 17:11:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1408793</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Comparisons of Traffic Collisions between Expressways and Rural Roads in Truck Drivers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1407262</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Background: Truck driving is known as one of the occupations with the highest accident rate. This study investigates the characteristics of traffic collisions according to road types (expressway and rural road). Methods: Classifying 267 accidents into expressway and rural road, the authors analyzed them based on driver characteristics (age, working experience, size of employment), time characteristics (day of accident, time, weather), and accident characteristics (accident causes, accident locations, accident types, driving conditions). Results: When they compared the accidents by road conditions, no differences were found between the driver characteristics. However, from the accident characteristics, the injured person distributions were different by the road conditions. In particular, driving while drowsy is shown to be highly related with the accident characteristics. Conclusion: This study can be used as a guideline and a base line to develop a plan of action to prevent traffic accidents. It can also help to prepare formal regulations about a truck driver's vehicle maintenance and driving attitude for a precaution on road accidents.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 May 2016 15:51:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1407262</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Impact of Automation on Drivers' Performance in Agricultural Semi-Autonomous Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1369006</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The focus of this article is on inadequate driver mental workload of agriculture drivers using driver assistant systems and in-vehicle automation. The effects of vehicle steering task automation (VSTA) and implement control and monitoring task automation (ICMTA) are explored using a tractor-air seeder system in a driving simulator with university students having tractor driving experience. The article shows how reaction time and the number of errors made by drivers both decreased as the automation level increases.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2015 16:26:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1369006</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Why quad bike safety is a wicked problem: an exploratory study of attitudes, perceptions, and occupational use of quad bikes in Northern Queensland, Australia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1319779</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Aug 2014 14:19:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1319779</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Economic Burden of All-Terrain Vehicle Related Adult Death in the U.S. Workplace, 2003-2006</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1214032</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to assess the societal economic burden that is associated with work-related all-terrain vehicles (ATV) fatalities among people 17 years and older in the United States (U.S.) from 2003 to 2006. Statistics on ATV fatalities were obtained from the Bureau of Labor and Statistics’ annual Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. The costs were estimated using a model that employed a cost-of-illness method that was developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. A total of 129 work-related ATV fatalities occurred in the U.S. from 2003 to 2006. The number of fatalities almost doubled from 20 fatalities in 2003 to 39 fatalities in 2006. The collective lifetime cost of the fatalities was $103.6 million with a four year mean of $803,100 and a four year median of $772,100. Victims aged 35 to 43 years old accounted for one-third of all fatalities at a cost of $50.1 million. The state of Montana had the most fatalities. Fifty-two percent of the fatalities were caused by overturns that cost $48.3 million. Eighty-four of the fatalities were agricultural production workers at a cost of $62.3 million. The short-term investment in prevention measures, such as training and use of helmets for workers, could provide lasting benefits by preventing work-related ATV fatalities and reduce the economic impact of these fatalities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Sep 2012 10:18:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1214032</guid>
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      <title>Transportation, Traffic Safety and Health - Human Behaviour, Fourth International Conference, Tokyo, Japan, 1998</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1160784</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Aug 2012 09:13:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1160784</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Road Accident Prevention Research Unit, accident analysis and prevention</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1160783</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Aug 2012 09:13:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1160783</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safety and collective behaviour on congested traffic networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1160782</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Aug 2012 09:13:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1160782</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transportation, Traffic Safety and Health - Man and Machine, Second International Conference, Brussels, Belgium, 1996</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1160781</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Aug 2012 09:13:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1160781</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The role of communication in road safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1160780</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Aug 2012 09:13:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1160780</guid>
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      <title>Transportation, Traffic Safety and Health - Prevention and Health, Third International Conference, Washington, USA, 1997</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1160779</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Aug 2012 09:12:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1160779</guid>
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