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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Drone-based Fire Prevention System on Container Terminals - A Theoretical Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655575</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article presents the proposition of developing an innovative fire detection system, based on unmanned aerial vehicles and multiple sensors. The paper contains short review of recent literature related to the topic, current state of fire prevention policy at the container terminals, scoping on the Polish seaports. To prove the necessity of the improvement of fire detection methods it has been described the fire incidents from recent years. The article also outlines the design assumptions of the proposed system as well as the theoretical workflow. Potential issues, further improvements and prospect have been pointed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 16:16:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655575</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Optimization of Operation Costs in Complex, Multi-State, Aging Technical Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655574</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a methodological framework for the joint optimization of operation costs and safety performance in complex, multi-state ageing technical systems. Two original models of system operation cost are proposed: one based on total operation time, and the other on operation within safety state subsets. The models are integrated with linear programming procedures and applied to a real-world maritime transport system. The approach enables a balanced consideration of operational efficiency and system reliability, offering a structured way to support decision making in the management of ageing infrastructure. The methodology relies on both statistical operational data and expert knowledge. Potential extensions of this work include incorporating external factors such as environmental conditions, as well as integrating repair, preventive maintenance, and evolutionary multi objective optimization algorithms to enhance resilience and sustainability in critical technical systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 16:16:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655574</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Impact of Operation History on Jack-up Structure Reliability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655573</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the Polish Baltic Sea region, jack-up structures, apart from existing offshore oil and gas offshore infrastructure, will be used for further wind farm installation. These structures usually operate under various environmental and geotechnical conditions, often in a different basin than they were designed for. Therefore, the operation history is of great importance for fatigue and reliability assessment of jack-up structures. The article first presents the construction and main components of jack-up structure, focusing on jacking system. Next, it analyses how the frequency and conditions of transit and jacking operations may impact on overall fatigue of jack-up structure and its components. In addition to time-dependent factors, such as corrosion and material degradation, the operations’ history is also included in the research. The results illustrate that operational history should not be neglect in safety analysis of subsequent operations, as well as in the planning of inspections and maintenance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 16:16:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655573</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Simultaneous Operations During LNG Bunkering at LNG-powered Vessels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655571</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The usage of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as fuel for maritime vessels is widely viewed as a transitional option to meet the stringent EU and IMO regulations in the context of long-term decarbonization. Usage of LNG as a transitional fuel is associated with the goal of reducing or completely eliminating CO2 production (related to the emissions from fossil fuel use such as oil, hard coal, and lignite) in the shipping industry. Bunkering operations can be done by trucks, bunker barges and specialize ports. In case of bunkering by trucks or barges, vessel can provide at the same time other operations, such as cargo operations or ballasting. This article considers some key issues associated with Simultaneous Operations (SIMOPS) Procedure Guide. A typical case study of bunkering LNG-powered vessel "Containerships Nord" by barge in Rotterdam is used to demonstrate and verify the proposed SIMOPS Procedure. The results indicate that any SIMOPS activity undertaken by LNG Bunker vessel, LNG receiving vessel and Container Terminal shall be reviewed and scheduled to minimize any potential interference or safety impact.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 16:16:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655571</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Increasing Importance of Ro-Ro (Roll-On/Roll-Off) Transportation in the Mediterranean</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655572</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A key component of multimodal logistics in the Mediterranean, roll-on/roll-off (Ro-Ro) shipping is beset by increasing capacity limitations, environmental regulations, and port coordination gaps. This study creates an integrated framework for improving current and future Ro-Ro routes by bridging two previously discrete approaches: AIS-based Geographic Information System (GIS) traffic analysis and expert-driven Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) weighting. Consistent priority weights were obtained from paired comparisons provided by twenty domain experts (CR = 0.032). These weights were superimposed on basin-wide AIS density layers in September 2024 to identify underserved routes and bottlenecks. The results show that while green corridor potential in the Eastern Mediterranean is still mostly unrealised, high-frequency handling capacity, intermodal connectivity, and advanced port community systems collectively account for more than 27% of the variance in route performance. Three of the five candidate routes that the framework creates from a selected shortlist offer travel time reductions of more than 18% when compared to existing services. The work contributes to the field of maritime logistics by showing how evidence-based corridor planning can be supported by spatially contextualising multi-criteria decision models. Policymakers pursuing Fit-for-55 standards and operators looking to create robust, low-carbon supply chains are given implications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 16:16:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655572</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparison of the Operational Performance of Different Cargo Offshore Loading Systems, in Particular the Bow Loading System (BLS), the Stern Discharge System (SDS), Submerged Turret Loading (STL) and the Conventional Midship Cargo Manifold (MCM) used on Flex Shuttle Tanker</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655570</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this paper is to describe the characteristics of offshore loading/discharging systems used on Flex Shuttle Tankers (Flex ST) at open sea, in particular the Bow Loading System (BLS), the Stern Discharge System (SDS), Submerged Turret Loading (STL) and the conventional Midship Cargo Manifold (MCM) and to make comparison between them with reference to their operational efficiency, reliability, safety and weather condition operational limits. All types of tankers are always designed to load/unload cargo through a conventional midship cargo manifold (MCM). Most modern shuttle tankers are equipped with BLS used on terminals such as SAL, OLS, SPM, FPSO, FSO. Some specialized shuttle tankers are also adapted to conduct storage and transshipment operations at STL installations offshore. These ships are then equipped with submerged turret mooring and offshore loading system (STL) and sometimes also, but rather rarely with additional stern discharging system (SDS). Tankers equipped with all the above-mentioned systems (BLS, SDS, STL and MCM) are called Flex Shuttle Tanker (Flex ST) and they are used for transshipment of crude oil and gas offshore.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 16:16:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655570</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Use of Open Source for Bottom Model Interpolation – Single Beam Use Case in SONARMUS Software</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655569</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Single Beam Echosounders (SBES) continue to serve as a practical solution for hydrographic surveys. Despite their limitations in spatial coverage, SBES can provide reliable depth measurements when supported by solid post-processing techniques. One of the critical steps in generating usable bathymetric products from SBES data is interpolation – a method used to estimate the continuous bottom model from discrete depth soundings. This paper presents research on the use of open-source tools for bottom model interpolation in SBES datasets within customly developed SONARMUS software environment. Several commonly used interpolation techniques in geospatial and data science applications are evaluated, including Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Kriging, Natural Neighbor, and Radial Basis Functions (RBF). Emphasis is placed on the reproducibility and flexibility offered by Python-based open-source libraries such as SciPy, PyKrige, and GDAL. Real SBES datasets from various surveys are used for testing and validation. The study evaluates the accuracy of the interpolation by comparing the predicted depths with control points and assessing the root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and distribution analysis. The performance and suitability of each method is examined in terms of computational efficiency, sensitivity to data density and ease of integration into existing workflows. The results demonstrate that open-source tools, when appropriately configured, can effectively support high-quality bottom model generation from SBES data. The integration of these tools into SONARMUS enhances the software’s capability to deliver reliable bathymetric outputs, particularly in low-cost and rapid survey scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 16:16:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655569</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innovative Road Management: Analysis of Poland’s National Traffic Management System and the Role of Intelligent Transport Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655568</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article aims to present the latest insights into the National Traffic Management System in Poland. The initiative is being implemented as part of the TEN-T program on the national road network, addressing the country's transportation challenges. The project comprises four regional projects and one central project based in the Mazowieckie Voivodeship. Through a review of available literature, the article evaluates Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) devices intended for deployment within the project framework. Furthermore, it explores the scope of the project's realization, providing a detailed analysis of the functionalities introduced to enhance transport efficiency, safety, and sustainability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 16:16:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655568</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Features of Determining the Expansion Forces of Bulk Cargo Acting on the Wagon Body Walls When Transported by a Railway Ferry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655567</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The results of the study are aimed at improving the safety of wagons transportation by the sea and the efficiency of rail ferry transportation. The article highlights the features of calculating the expansion forces of bulk cargo acting on the wagon body during its transportation by the sea. When determining the expansion forces of bulk cargo, it is proposed to consider the dynamic load, which also affects its value in conditions of side sway. As an example, an application of this method to an open wagon loaded by coal during its transportation through the Black Sea is given. An algorithm for considering the forces of bulk cargo pushing against the walls of an open wagon body during sea transportation is proposed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 16:16:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655567</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research of Loading of a Hopper Container During Sea Transportation by a Train Ferry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655566</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The efficiency of freight transportation can be improved by the use of hopper containers. If required they can be equipped with lift-off roofs, which makes it possible to transport the freight requiring protection from weather. The possibility to transport these containers by sea was studied through their loading. The research included the case when a hopper container was part of the combined train and transported by the train ferry. It was taken into account that the container was loaded with bulk freight. The pressure to the container walls was determined with the Coulomb method. The value of the pressure from the bulk freight was included in the strength calculation. It was found that the maximum equivalent stresses in the container structure did not exceed the allowable values. The study also included the determination of the container stability relative to the flat wagon frame during sea transportation. It was found that with consideration of the typical diagram of interaction between the container and the flat wagon frame the equilibrium stability of the container was provided at the rolling angles up to 26°.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 16:16:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655566</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Squat Effect in Shallow River for Inland Ferry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655565</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The squat determination during ships movement on restricted water areas is one of the most important problems affecting navigational safety. Precise squat prediction is essential to minimize the risk of grounding for ships. In Poland we have about 60 operated ferry crossing, part of them are base of transport infrastructure. The Lower Vistula River in Poland is a clear example of a shallow river. Zones of active sediment transport of sandy material are big problem in navigation conditions maintenance on this river. The paper presents an analysis of squat phenomena of ferry "Flisak" by empirical method and fluid dynamic in different conditions. The results of this research could be helpful for inland transport management, risk assessment of ferry crossing the Vistula River, and analysis for a new waterway project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 16:16:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655565</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Power Quality Assessment of a Modern Ship Power System With Batteries and Diesel Generators – Case Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655564</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study the authors firstly present a generic diagram of power quality assessment methodology for a modern ship power system with batteries and diesel generators, and secondly, illustrate all methodology procedures in the form of the case study results, obtained from sea trials. The proposed methodology is based on analysis of the configuration and load of the system under consideration, taking into account the system’s operation modes, while excluding the modes in which the ship is supplied via shore grid. The authors experimentally examined and analysed the electric and hybrid modes using data collected from sea trials results of the passenger-car ferry. Finally, an overall assessment of power quality in the considered power system is presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 16:16:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655564</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Towards Green Ferry Corridors in the Adriatic Sea – Integrating Monte Carlo Simulations into Life Cycle Costing Scheme for Methanol</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655563</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The maritime transport sector is essential to global trade, handling a large share of international trade volume, but its reliance on fossil fuels raises significant environmental and economic concerns. The transition to greener options is slow, with 98.8% of the fleet still using fossil fuel, while the research into economic performance of this transition often overlooks fuel price volatility, a critical factor influenced by global events which have caused significant fuel price fluctuations. This paper introduces a model which incorporates fuel price volatility into lifecycle cost assessments (LCCA) on an example of a ferry connecting the Croatian and Italian shores of the Adriatic Sea. A comparison of diesel- and methanol-powered systems is provided, using Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate economic sustainability under volatile fuel prices. Diesel prices showed a consistently symmetrical and normal distribution across all simulations, indicating a stable price range, while methanol prices demonstrated more volatility. The LCCA results, which included the simulated fuel prices, showed that methanol-powered systems despite greater price volatility, show lower overall costs through different carbon taxation scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 16:16:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655563</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Appropriate Operational Energy Efficiency Indicator Based on the Significance of the Evaluation for Vessels in Regular Service</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655562</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, there has been a growing interest in improving energy efficiency during operations for reducing environmental impact. An indicator for evaluating operational performance, known as CII, has been proposed, but it has many issues and is currently under review at the IMO. As operational performance is strongly influenced by shippers’ transport requirements, it is important to select an appropriate energy efficiency indicator that takes these constraints into account and to verify its validity to evaluate operational performance with high reliability. Therefore, this study proposes an indicator that considers the physical implications and the influence of transport requirements, as well as a validation methodology using statistical tests. A comparative evaluation of the improvement effect of Weather Routing by applying the CII and the proposed indicator, using observed data from ferries operating daily and with a large number of voyages, showed that the evaluation by the proposed method is highly significant.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 16:16:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655562</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhancing Ship Energy Efficiency and Preventing Pollution through Effective Biofouling Control Measures as a Future Direction for a Sustainable Shipping</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655561</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, the global emphasis on climate and environmental protection has been increasingly prominent, with the maritime industry playing a critical role in this endeavour. The path to decarbonizing maritime transport is marked by the implementation of stringent regulations such as EEXI/CII and EEDI, aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing energy efficiency. As industry navigates this transitional phase, there is a growing need for cost-effective solutions that align with evolving environmental standards. One frequently underappreciated factor influencing fuel consumption and total emissions is biofouling—the accumulation of marine organisms on ship hulls. Biofouling significantly increases drag, leading to heightened fuel consumption and emissions, with severe cases potentially increasing emissions by up to 55%. This article explores the impact of biofouling on maritime sustainability, discussing its effects on fuel efficiency, emissions, and environmental pollution, while examining current regulatory frameworks and innovative mitigation strategies such as in-water cleaning and advanced anti-fouling technologies. By addressing biofouling effectively, the maritime sector can make substantial strides towards meeting decarbonization targets and reducing its ecological footprint.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 16:16:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655561</guid>
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