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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Implementation of a Technique for Measuring the Level of Damage to Vehicles Through Digitization, Applicable to Vehicle Insurance Companies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919278</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The world is going through the fourth industrial revolution, where digital transformation is one of the global market trends. To maintain competitive advantages and sustainable businesses, an increasing number of companies and organizations are embracing digital transformation processes. These organizations are changing their business and processes and creating new business models with the help of digital technologies. Taking all industries and business models to unprecedented heights and in a certain way consolidating globalization. For such digital transformation, technologies like IoT (Internet of Things), artificial intelligence, machine learning, neural networks, and others are increasingly common. This paper seeks to define what technical aspects are involved to implement digitalization in the process of vehicle collision data analysis. In this sense, insurance companies are aware of the changes and are trying to follow the trends and updating themselves to provide better services and with better quality. The applied methodology is divided into an analysis of the existing 3D metrology techniques and a pilot project in order to evaluate the application of the selected technique and analyze results and gains in the incident inspection process. The set of these methodologies allowed the proposed application to be validated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 2022 12:17:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919278</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Life Cycle Assessment of Vehicular Electrification</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919266</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Internal Combustion Engine vehicles (ICEV) have approximately 80% of their environmental impact during operation, 20% during manufacturing and disposal/recycling at the end of life. On the other hand, Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) have a relatively lower impact during their use. However, BEVs produce proportionally higher equivalent-carbon dioxide (CO₂e) emissions during vehicle manufacturing, which is adversely affected by the production of the battery. To account for the global environmental impact, a complete Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) needs to be done. In this work, data published by different sources and car manufacturers were used to predict the accumulated CO₂e emissions along the vehicle life. In addition, a few scenarios with different assumptions were investigated. In particular, the impact of ICEVs and BEVs utilization in Brazil is lower than the world average due to the use of bioethanol as fuel and the low carbon intensity of the electricity. Most of the scenarios indicate that due to large environmental impact of the battery manufacturing, BEV CO₂e emissions will break-even with the ICE vehicles only after several thousand km of usage. For some countries, the high carbon intensity of electricity will make the BEV a bad choice to mitigate climate change, as demonstrated by the higher life cycle CO₂e emissions than those produced by ICEVs. For Brazil, the lower carbon intensity of the bioethanol combined with the existing fuel distribution infrastructure and the car plants indicate that moving from ICEV to BEV needs dedicated attention and may be attractive on high usage (taxi, shared cars etc.) which the higher initial CO₂e impact, as well as cost, will be compensated along with car life).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 2022 12:17:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919266</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Comparative Investigation into the Structural Braces Proposed at Baja SAE Competitions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919263</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The BAJA SAE Brasil competition presents major technical challenges to its participants every year, including the design and manufacture of tubular frames according the Regulamento Administrativo e Técnico Baja SAE Brasil, RATBSB. The vehicle must have at least one of two possible bracing systems: front or rear, which differ in terms of the positioning of the main tubes for impact containment. The use of front braced frames is extremely widespread among Brazilian teams, due in part to the difficulty of designing rear braced frames, as they require more tubes and cause difficulties in accessing the engine compartment compared to the required structural configurations by international rules. The present study evaluates four structure configurations, these being the most comprehensive possible within the possibilities of the rules, defining loading scenarios coherent with possible accidents in competitions. There is the displacement of the structure and invasion of the survival cell, margin of safety of critical structural points through the Cozzone method, in addition to critical loads and linear buckling modes through their eigenvalues and eigenvectors, respectively. It was concluded that the requirements imposed by the Brazilian regulation, RATBSB, for rear bracing configurations do not bring outstanding additional security benefits in comparison to foreign configurations. A lower efficiency was also observed in relation to the safety of the ‘nose’ car configuration compared to the others.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 2022 12:17:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919263</guid>
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      <title>Exploring the use of water injection to control the combustion and expand the operation load of an ethanol HCCI engine</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919260</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) is an emerging technology that offers an alternative to conventional spark and compression ignition. A highly discussed LTC mode is homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), which consists in a combustion of a highly diluted well-mixed charge at the end of compression stroke, when the charge reaches the auto-ignition state. Since HCCI is an LTC mode, it can result in low NOX emissions with an indicated efficiency comparable to a diesel engine. Otherwise, there are some challenges to overcome such as achieving high loads without knocking and combustion timing control. Several methods to control the combustion had been investigated, between them, the injection of water may be useful to extend HCCI knock free operation and to enable combustion phasing control. This work investigated the influence of water injection in the intake of an ethanol HCCI cylinder from a converted diesel generator set. The EGR, used in HCCI, was obtained via total recirculation of exhaust gas from a diesel cylinder. The results indicated that the combustion without water injection tended to start considerably before TDC with a very fast combustion and abrupt heat release rates causing knock. As consequence, the ringing intensity values were higher than the acceptable and the operational load was limited. It has been found that the water injection in the HCCI combustion retarded the combustion and increased its duration, preventing knock. The highest indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) achieved was of 6.0 bar with a ringing intensity around 5.5 MW/m² with indicated efficiency of about 40%. Finally, the water injection proved to be an efficient strategy to control the combustion timing and to expand the operation range by controlling mixture's reactivity and intake temperature.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 2022 12:17:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919260</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Reliability demonstration of automotive electronic component for fuel heating with extended mission profile</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919258</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The extended profile of fuel heating function on flex fuel engines to focus not only on cold start by also on engine operation whenever required has demanded a reliability demonstration in the field of power electronics. This paper presents application of Design for Reliability (DfR) method to demonstrate the reliability of Heating Control Unit in the face of an extended mission profile. The scope of work includes load collective measurement considering several driving cycles and ambient temperatures, derivation and execution of accelerated lifetime tests and physical inspection of samples. As a result, it was possible to quantitatively demonstrate the electronic reliability given longer thermal cycles and activation time as per the new mission profile.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 2022 12:17:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919258</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Zebra Printer in-line Implementation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919257</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The project presents the advantages of using agile methodologies such as Scrum and Extreme Programing, for software development inside big company, showing that is feasible to adopt Agile Methods even in large companies’ culture. Analyzing this methodology being applied in a print management software for a zebra printer, demonstrating the characteristics of agile development such as agility in development time and ease of adapting the necessary changes in a Windows forms application with the C language. The application that was used to demonstrate the advantages of these methodologies has three basic functions, managing communication with an external service to validate and pass printer status, which is done through an RS232 communication, information management in database SQLite in the application itself, and control of the information that will be sent to a zebra printer, through an Ethernet communication passing data in ZPL (Zebra Programming Language). The advantages of applying agile methodologies in small and medium-sized projects are presented, in addition to dismantling that there is not only a gain in agility in the delivery of a functional product, but also an easily adaptable application, in addition to presenting a lower cost when compared to traditional methodologies for software development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 2022 12:17:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919257</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hardware-in-the-Loop alternative approach for an ESP verification</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919256</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the number and complexity increase of electronic control units (ECUs) within the automotive industry, the tests requirement’s stringency also tends to increase, regarding safety, performance and quality, which in turn lead to greater costs and time required to implement and execute these tests. This work presents an integrated and automated workflow to setup, execute, monitor and evaluate a stress test for an electronic stability program (ESP) module, that may also be applied to other ECUs with minor changes. The proposed method consists on the repeated reproduction of several controller area network (CAN) logs, collected from a prototype, production vehicle or even a virtual automobile, into a real-time bench mounted system, that contains the targeted ECU and peripherals components. A Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) approach is used to reproduce physical sensors and CAN inputs to the ECU. The goal of this testing procedure workflow is to allow results comparison between the bench-mounted and in-vehicle or simulated ECUs, on the assumption that the one from which the CAN logs were originally collected, is the reference for correct and well-timed responses. The expected results should be very much alike, considering a proper bench setup, along with the usage of equivalent ECUs and peripherals. By analyzing and comparing the CAN log results, computational failures may be detected, as well as performance issues, in terms of response time. Some challenges arise for each ECU specific’s actuation methods and interactions with other electronic systems, concerning physical setup and integration solutions. Regarding the addressed ESP unit, some sensors required a specific instrumentation level in order to simulate physical inputs to the module, for instance, wheel speed sensors. The ESP was successfully integrated to the real-time bench and replied to the physical and CAN stimuli appropriately, as if it were properly assembled and connected to a vehicle’s network, therefore this study case is a proof of concept for the proposed workflow.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 2022 12:17:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919256</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multiplex validation: An Automated HIL Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919253</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper approaches a short introduction to the benefits of automated Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) tests in Local Interconnect Network (LIN) protocol. Automated HiL tests are more efficient than manual tests, so it can reduce testing timing needed from experienced engineers and do a more precise statistics due to repeatability. The number of modules tends to increase over time due to the implementation of new features when the hardware is close to its limits or an specific architecture is defined, so network integration between modules tends to be more necessary for everything to work together. In consequence, more tests need to be done to force systems and reveal possible issues that could bring customer’s dissatisfaction. This article presents a brief explanation about LIN protocol with focus on bus wake-up and sleep processes, the concept of automated HiL, a methodology proposal of an automated LIN test applied to wake-up timing requirements, the hardware and software tools used, how they are set up in the HiL environment and the expected results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 2022 12:17:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919253</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Vibrations and Acoustics on Riding Lawn Mower</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919249</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the growing increase in the use of lawn mowers, it is necessary to control the vibration and sound pressure levels to which operators are exposed during their workday. Noise hearing loss can affect individuals exposed to high Sound Pressure Levels (SPL). Workers using lawn mowers are part of this population. With regard to this equipment, another factor that must be considered is the occupational exposure of the vibration imposed on the operator. Occupational exposure to vibration in the hands and arms is associated with a variety of adverse effects on the health of the individual, being collectively known as the vibration syndrome in the hands and arms. Exposure to full body vibration for seated people is associated with an increased risk of degenerative injuries lumbar spine, disorders in the central nervous system, and possible damage to the digestive and genital / urinary systems. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the vibration and sound power level emitted by a tractor of this class, under different operating conditions, which are a combination of three parameters: vibration attenuators (engine block cushions), engine speed and a power take-off (PTO) of the tractor. The acoustics tests followed a methodology based on ISO 3744:2010 - “Acoustics - Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure - Engineering methods for essentially free field over reflecting plane”. The vibrations measurements are base on ISO:8041 “Human response to vibration - Measuring instrumentation”. From the obtained data, the occupational vibration indicators and sound power level were calculated, so that it was possible to compare the different conditions. When comparing the levels obtained in the tests with the ranges provided by the standards, it can be noted that for some conditions the levels of vibration exceeded the desired values, the same happens with noise.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 2022 12:17:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919249</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterization of the Reversal Discharge Coefficient of Intake Port and Direct Discharge Coefficient of Exhaust Port of an Engine Used in Formula SAE Prototype</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919238</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the present work it was studied the flow around the intake and discharge valves of the HONDA CBR 600RR Engine, used in Formula SAE by the team of CEFET-MG, Formula Cefast. Presenting the methodology and experimental results in the measurement of the reversal discharge coefficient of the intake port and the discharge coefficient of exhaust valve of the engine used in the prototype, serving as a starting point for further studies and development of the prototype drive system. These experimental tests were performed on the flow bench infrastructure of the Pontificia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, PUC-MG, using the engine head, same model as used in the Formula Cefast team prototype. Necessary parts and adaptations for tests were developed, such as a mechanism for opening and closing the valves during the experiment. Measurements were taken to define the actual mass flow rate of air through the valves for valve lifts, ranging from 0 mm to 7.3 mm for the exhaust valve and from 0 mm to 8.2 mm for the intake valve. The study was performed by opening only one valve. Increment between valve lift measurements was 0.2 mm and 03 measurements were made for each valve lift. From the measurements of the pressure difference before and after the valves and the air temperature it was possible to determine the theoretical mass flow as a function of the valve lift. The ratio between the actual mass flow rate and the theoretical mass flow rate, characterized the discharge coefficient of the flow. The methodology applied in the experiment was effective with a behavior of discharge coefficients as a function of valve lift comparable with other works and theoretical reviews, ranging from 0.45 to 0.91 for the exhaust valve and ranging from 0.42 to 0.69 for the intake valve.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 2022 12:17:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919238</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ELECTROCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF ELECTROGALVANIZED STEEL PANELS EXPOSED TO AN ACCELERATED CORROSION ENVIRONMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919237</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Corrosion resistance is an important property requirement for materials applications in the manufacturing of automobiles. Zinc is widely used as coating of carbon steels, due to its anticorrosive properties. The most relevant application of zinc is zinc-galvanizing to protect steel from rusting acting as sacrificial anode. In the present study, the corrosion behavior of electrogalvanized steel panels by different thickness of zinc were studied under cyclic corrosion testing (CCT) and vehicle test. The CCT tests exposed the samples in a series of different environments in a repetitive cycle, these exposures consist of cycling between salt fog, dry and wet conditions. For the vehicle test, the steel panels were attached to the car exterior then exposed to corrosion and durability inputs with a variety of road surfaces for automotive testing and validation. Vehicle test is a large-scale laboratory test and is performed in facilities well designed by the automakers with the purpose of test complete vehicles and qualify them for real world application. The corrosion rate was investigated by electrochemical measurements such as open circuit voltage and potential dynamic polarization curves using the Tafel extrapolation method. The results suggests that the cyclic corrosion test has a more controlled corrosion environment, and the corrosion resistance is mainly related to the zinc thickness of the samples. The corrosion rate of the panels exposed to the vehicle test demonstrated that the position where the panels were attached to the car is the key factor to investigate their corrosion resistance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 2022 12:17:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919237</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Implement Automatic low cost touchscreen robot inside Big Companies, Following Agile Methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919281</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the development of in-vehicle infotainment systems increases, center stack display, digital instrument panels and heads-up displays become much more common in modern vehicles. Several of these screens are touch displays and in order to execute automated test in those displays against new iterations of software two solutions are possible: embedded touch simulators or physically touch the screens with external actuators. Although simulators can be more practical and easier to setup, its availability depends on the parts suppliers, not being always the same software and setup for the same test cases. External actuators have advantage to test the software and physical components and have a constant setup, but usually commercial options are expensive and need specialized professionals to configure it as needed. Aiming to simplify the setup for hardware-in-the-loop tests for infotainment systems involving touchscreen displays and reduce costs, this work describes how versions of a mostly 3D printed robot actuator for screen touches were made within the company using startup like agile methods to develop a custom solution integrated to the existing equipment and software. Following this method, a low cost, easily reproducible, on demand and unique configuration was obtained and it can be used for all future tests despite the supplier solutions and screen sizes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Feb 2022 10:38:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919281</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Model in the loop for training purpose</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919280</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The automotive industry is passing for a big transformation, due to technologies advance. The electrical technologies are also on a good rising curve, calling the attention of the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEMs). This scenario generates the demand for a faster method to train their new hired engineers, when compared with usual on the job training. Model in the Loop (MiL) consists in one of the real-time embedded systems test phases, which is developed in a computational environment, performing a mathematical modeling of the system, presenting an interface that allows the visualization of its dynamics and the signals involved. Two powerful software in industry that apply MiL are the Matlab and Simulink. A project involving these applications was proposed for a team of new hired engineers, developing models of several vehicle Electronic Control Units (ECUs), with some scope reduction as an example the functional requirements reduction. After the fast-training program completed, a survey with the involved team (trained and trainers) was conducted to evaluate and assess the method. This paper aims to present a project based on Model in the Loop applied for new engineers training, using agile methods and evaluate the results. The trainers observed a faster learning curve, a higher new team integration in a reduced time, even considering 100% home office as environment during Pandemic Status.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Feb 2022 10:38:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919280</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Austenitization Time on Al-Si Coating of 22MnB5 Steel: Influence on Projection Welding</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919279</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Press-hardenable steels (PHS), such as 22MnB5 steel, present high tensile strength after hot stamping, approximately 1500 MPa. PHS sheets are usually coated with Al-Si to prevent surface decarburization and oxidation during the hot stamping process. However, the presence of an aluminized coating can affect the welding process and the final mechanical properties of the welded joints. Therefore, it is of great significance to understand the effects of heat treatment on the coating and its correlation with weldability. In the automotive industry, a usual method is projection welding which is based on the joining between a metallic stud, such as bolts and nuts, and a metallic sheet by resistance welding. This study is focused on the characterization of the Al-Si coating layer after heat treatment with different austenitization times and how the evolution of this layer impacted the joining performance between an M10 nut and the coated steel. Results showed that the coating morphology changed after applying different heating times, resulting in stratified layers due to the diffusion of elements, such as Al, Si, and Fe, between the steel and the coating. With longer times, in addition to thicker coating layers, the increase in Fe-rich phases and the decrease of Al-rich phases were observed. Even using the same projection welding parameters for all samples, the one with the longest austenitization time showed a decrease in the joint mechanical performance. Stereo and optical microscopy, visual inspection, and fractography were used to explain the weld quality deterioration and its correlation with the stratified layer.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Feb 2022 10:38:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919279</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DFMA’s practical contributions to the civil vehicle armoring process:
          a systematic literature review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919277</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increasing rates of violence and the lack of effective public security                     policies, especially in large urban areas in developing countries, have                     reflected directly in the automotive civil armor market, making Brazil the world                     leader in the segment of ballistic protection type III-A level against handguns                     according to the NIJ 0108.01 standard [1],                     followed by Mexico. Faced with this scenario, to speed up the armoring process                     on brand new automobiles, the armoring companies have adopted shop floor                     procedures to quickly assembly the ballistic protection parts, without                     considering automotive design engineering and manufacturing criteria of the                     vehicle. One of the solutions for improving the quality of this process and                     optimizing costs is the adoption of the DFMA® tool, Design for Manufacturing and                     Assembly. Since, there is no specific DFMA® literature regarding automotive                     armoring processes, the authors have addressed this through a systematic                     literature review to obtain the references of the state of the art related to                     DFMA® tool. Based on this context, this review intends to present the following                     aspects: the related techniques and their main results, challenges and                     opportunities, its support as a reference in the armoring service area and the                     advantages of keeping the warranty and original functionalities of the civil                     armored vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Feb 2022 10:38:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1919277</guid>
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